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logic of whole

  • 1 Logic

       My initial step... was to attempt to reduce the concept of ordering in a sequence to that of logical consequence, so as to proceed from there to the concept of number. To prevent anything intuitive from penetrating here unnoticed, I had to bend every effort to keep the chain of inference free of gaps. In attempting to comply with this requirement in the strictest possible way, I found the inadequacy of language to be an obstacle. (Frege, 1972, p. 104)
       I believe I can make the relation of my 'conceptual notation' to ordinary language clearest if I compare it to the relation of the microscope to the eye. The latter, because of the range of its applicability and because of the ease with which it can adapt itself to the most varied circumstances, has a great superiority over the microscope. Of course, viewed as an optical instrument it reveals many imperfections, which usually remain unnoticed only because of its intimate connection with mental life. But as soon as scientific purposes place strong requirements upon sharpness of resolution, the eye proves to be inadequate.... Similarly, this 'conceptual notation' is devised for particular scientific purposes; and therefore one may not condemn it because it is useless for other purposes. (Frege, 1972, pp. 104-105)
       To sum up briefly, it is the business of the logician to conduct an unceasing struggle against psychology and those parts of language and grammar which fail to give untrammeled expression to what is logical. He does not have to answer the question: How does thinking normally take place in human beings? What course does it naturally follow in the human mind? What is natural to one person may well be unnatural to another. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       We are very dependent on external aids in our thinking, and there is no doubt that the language of everyday life-so far, at least, as a certain area of discourse is concerned-had first to be replaced by a more sophisticated instrument, before certain distinctions could be noticed. But so far the academic world has, for the most part, disdained to master this instrument. (Frege, 1979, pp. 6-7)
       There is no reproach the logician need fear less than the reproach that his way of formulating things is unnatural.... If we were to heed those who object that logic is unnatural, we would run the risk of becoming embroiled in interminable disputes about what is natural, disputes which are quite incapable of being resolved within the province of logic. (Frege, 1979, p. 128)
       [L]inguists will be forced, internally as it were, to come to grips with the results of modern logic. Indeed, this is apparently already happening to some extent. By "logic" is not meant here recursive function-theory, California model-theory, constructive proof-theory, or even axiomatic settheory. Such areas may or may not be useful for linguistics. Rather under "logic" are included our good old friends, the homely locutions "and," "or," "if-then," "if and only if," "not," "for all x," "for some x," and "is identical with," plus the calculus of individuals, event-logic, syntax, denotational semantics, and... various parts of pragmatics.... It is to these that the linguist can most profitably turn for help. These are his tools. And they are "clean tools," to borrow a phrase of the late J. L. Austin in another context, in fact, the only really clean ones we have, so that we might as well use them as much as we can. But they constitute only what may be called "baby logic." Baby logic is to the linguist what "baby mathematics" (in the phrase of Murray Gell-Mann) is to the theoretical physicist-very elementary but indispensable domains of theory in both cases. (Martin, 1969, pp. 261-262)
       There appears to be no branch of deductive inference that requires us to assume the existence of a mental logic in order to do justice to the psychological phenomena. To be logical, an individual requires, not formal rules of inference, but a tacit knowledge of the fundamental semantic principle governing any inference; a deduction is valid provided that there is no way of interpreting the premises correctly that is inconsistent with the conclusion. Logic provides a systematic method for searching for such counter-examples. The empirical evidence suggests that ordinary individuals possess no such methods. (Johnson-Laird, quoted in Mehler, Walker & Garrett, 1982, p. 130)
       The fundamental paradox of logic [that "there is no class (as a totality) of those classes which, each taken as a totality, do not belong to themselves" (Russell to Frege, 16 June 1902, in van Heijenoort, 1967, p. 125)] is with us still, bequeathed by Russell-by way of philosophy, mathematics, and even computer science-to the whole of twentieth-century thought. Twentieth-century philosophy would begin not with a foundation for logic, as Russell had hoped in 1900, but with the discovery in 1901 that no such foundation can be laid. (Everdell, 1997, p. 184)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Logic

  • 2 логика целого

    Русско-английский научно-технический словарь Масловского > логика целого

  • 3 логика целого

    Mathematics: logic of whole

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > логика целого

  • 4 suma

    f.
    1 addition (Mat) (acción).
    2 total, sum (conjunto) (de conocimientos, datos).
    pres.indicat.
    3rd person singular (él/ella/ello) present indicative of spanish verb: sumar.
    pres.subj.
    1st person singular (yo) Present Subjunctive of Spanish verb: sumir.
    * * *
    1 (cantidad) sum, amount
    2 MATEMÁTICAS sum, addition
    3 (resumen) summary
    \
    en suma in short
    suma total sum total
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) sum, amount
    * * *
    1. SF
    1) (Mat) (=acción) addition, adding, adding up; (=cantidad) total, sum; (=dinero) sum

    ¿cuánto es la suma de todos los gastos? — what are the total expenses?

    hacer sumas — to add up, do addition

    suma y sigue — (Com) "carried forward"; (fig) * and it's still going on

    2) (=resumen) summary
    2.
    SM
    * * *
    1) ( cantidad) sum
    2)
    a) (Mat) addition

    hacer sumas — to do addition, to do sums (BrE)

    b) ( conjunto) combination
    * * *
    = aggregation, sum, summation, addition, accrual.
    Ex. We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.
    Ex. In an application where weighted term logic is the primary search logic, search profiles are framed by combining index terms in a simple logical sum.
    Ex. The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.
    Ex. Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
    Ex. Calcium and possibly vitamin D intake throughout childhood and adolescence may enhance bone mineral accrual.
    ----
    * bonita suma = princely sum.
    * buena suma de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * de suma importancia = of utmost importance.
    * de suma + Nombre = vitally + Adjetivo.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * en suma = in short, in sum, in a word.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * más que la suma de sus partes = Comparativo + than the sum of its parts.
    * pagar una suma de dinero = pay + sum.
    * sabrosa suma de dinero, una = handsome sum of money, a.
    * suma de capital = capital sum.
    * suma de dinero = sum of money.
    * suma global = lump sum.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * suma lógica = logical sum.
    * suma simbólica de dinero = symbolic sum of money.
    * suma total = sum total, total, grand total, count.
    * * *
    1) ( cantidad) sum
    2)
    a) (Mat) addition

    hacer sumas — to do addition, to do sums (BrE)

    b) ( conjunto) combination
    * * *
    = aggregation, sum, summation, addition, accrual.

    Ex: We should realize that a library is not simply an aggregation of discrete recorded materials; rather, it represents a collection, or more precisely collection of works.

    Ex: In an application where weighted term logic is the primary search logic, search profiles are framed by combining index terms in a simple logical sum.
    Ex: The summation of human experience is being expanded at a prodigious rate, and the means we use for threading through the consequent maze to the momentarily important item is the same as was used in the days of square-rigged ships.
    Ex: Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation.
    Ex: Calcium and possibly vitamin D intake throughout childhood and adolescence may enhance bone mineral accrual.
    * bonita suma = princely sum.
    * buena suma de dinero = hefty sum of money.
    * de suma importancia = of utmost importance.
    * de suma + Nombre = vitally + Adjetivo.
    * el todo es más grande que la suma de sus partes = the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    * en suma = in short, in sum, in a word.
    * grandes sumas de dinero = vast sums of money.
    * la suma total de = the total sum of, the sum total of.
    * más que la suma de sus partes = Comparativo + than the sum of its parts.
    * pagar una suma de dinero = pay + sum.
    * sabrosa suma de dinero, una = handsome sum of money, a.
    * suma de capital = capital sum.
    * suma de dinero = sum of money.
    * suma global = lump sum.
    * suma importante = princely sum.
    * suma lógica = logical sum.
    * suma simbólica de dinero = symbolic sum of money.
    * suma total = sum total, total, grand total, count.

    * * *
    una importante/módica suma de dinero a considerable/modest sum of money
    B
    1 ( Mat) addition
    hacer sumas to do addition, to do sums ( BrE)
    hagamos la suma de todo lo que hemos gastado let's add up o ( colloq) tot up everything we've spent, let's do a reckoning of everything we've spent
    2 (conjunto) combination
    la suma de estos incidentes the combination of these events
    en suma in short
    * * *

     

    Del verbo sumar: ( conjugate sumar)

    suma es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente indicativo

    2ª persona singular (tú) imperativo

    Del verbo sumir: ( conjugate sumir)

    suma es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) presente subjuntivo

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) imperativo

    Multiple Entries:
    suma    
    sumar    
    sumir
    suma sustantivo femenino
    1 ( cantidad) sum
    2 (Mat) addition;

    sumar ( conjugate sumar) verbo transitivo


    ◊ 8 y 5 suman 13 8 and 5 add up to o make 13

    verbo intransitivo
    to add up
    sumarse verbo pronominal
    a) ( agregarse) sumase A algo:

    ◊ esto se suma a los problemas ya existentes this comes on top of o is in addition to any already existing problems

    b) ( adherirse) sumase A algo ‹a protesta/celebración› to join sth

    sumir ( conjugate sumir) verbo transitivo
    1 ( sumergir) suma algo/a algn EN algo ‹en tristeza/desesperación› to plunge sth/sb into sth
    2 (Col, Méx) ( abollar) to dent, make a dent in
    sumirse verbo pronominal
    1 ( hundirse) sumase EN algo ‹ en tristeza› to plunge into sth;
    ‹ en pensamientos› to become lost in sth
    2 (Col, Méx) ( abollarse) to get dented
    sumo,-a adjetivo
    1 (muy grande) extreme: es tóxico, manéjalo con sumo cuidado, it's toxic, handle it with extreme care
    de suma importancia, extremely important
    2 (máximo en una jerarquía) supreme
    ♦ Locuciones: a lo sumo, at the most
    Rel Sumo Pontífice, the Pope
    suma sustantivo femenino
    1 Mat addition: la suma de cinco y dos da siete, the sum of five plus two is five
    hacer sumas, to do sums, US addition ➣ Ver nota en sumar 2 (cantidad) sum: ganó una suma importante con ese negocio, she earnt a considerable sum of money for having closed the deal
    la suma total, the total amount
    sumar verbo transitivo
    1 Mat to add (up): seis y dos suman ocho, six and o plus two add up to o make eight
    2 (la cuenta, la factura) la factura suma tres mil pesetas, the bill comes to three thousand pesetas
    3 (añadir, incorporar) si al terremoto sumas las inundaciones, el desastre fue total, the earthquake, taken in conjunction with the flooding, meant total disaster
    ¿Cómo se dice 2 + 3 = 5?
    Two and three is/equals five.
    Two plus three is/equals five.
    What's two and three?
    sumir verbo transitivo
    1 (sumergir) to submerge, sink
    2 figurado la noticia le sumió en la tristeza, the news plunged him into sadness
    ' suma' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    cantidad
    - defraudar
    - respetable
    - sabrosa
    - sabroso
    - sumar
    - sumo
    - toda
    - todo
    - abultado
    - apreciable
    - cobrar
    - conclusión
    - desgravar
    - despreciable
    - enorme
    - insignificante
    - integrar
    - nómina
    - número
    - sacar
    - traspaso
    English:
    addition
    - amount
    - appropriate
    - check
    - inaccurate
    - paltry
    - paramount
    - remittance
    - substantial
    - sum
    - tendency
    - add
    - all
    - combined
    - fee
    - head
    - less
    - utmost
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [operación matemática] addition;
    hacer una suma to do an addition
    2. [conjunto] [de conocimientos, datos] total, sum;
    [de dinero] sum;
    es la suma del trabajo de varios investigadores it is the product of the work of several researchers;
    la suma de los gastos asciende a 4.000 pesos total expenditure was 4,000 pesos
    Informát suma de comprobación checksum; Informát suma de control checksum
    ♦ en suma loc adv
    [en resumen] in short
    * * *
    f sum;
    en suma in short
    * * *
    suma nf
    1) cantidad: sum, quantity
    2) : addition
    * * *
    suma n sum

    Spanish-English dictionary > suma

  • 5 Artificial Intelligence

       In my opinion, none of [these programs] does even remote justice to the complexity of human mental processes. Unlike men, "artificially intelligent" programs tend to be single minded, undistractable, and unemotional. (Neisser, 1967, p. 9)
       Future progress in [artificial intelligence] will depend on the development of both practical and theoretical knowledge.... As regards theoretical knowledge, some have sought a unified theory of artificial intelligence. My view is that artificial intelligence is (or soon will be) an engineering discipline since its primary goal is to build things. (Nilsson, 1971, pp. vii-viii)
       Most workers in AI [artificial intelligence] research and in related fields confess to a pronounced feeling of disappointment in what has been achieved in the last 25 years. Workers entered the field around 1950, and even around 1960, with high hopes that are very far from being realized in 1972. In no part of the field have the discoveries made so far produced the major impact that was then promised.... In the meantime, claims and predictions regarding the potential results of AI research had been publicized which went even farther than the expectations of the majority of workers in the field, whose embarrassments have been added to by the lamentable failure of such inflated predictions....
       When able and respected scientists write in letters to the present author that AI, the major goal of computing science, represents "another step in the general process of evolution"; that possibilities in the 1980s include an all-purpose intelligence on a human-scale knowledge base; that awe-inspiring possibilities suggest themselves based on machine intelligence exceeding human intelligence by the year 2000 [one has the right to be skeptical]. (Lighthill, 1972, p. 17)
       4) Just as Astronomy Succeeded Astrology, the Discovery of Intellectual Processes in Machines Should Lead to a Science, Eventually
       Just as astronomy succeeded astrology, following Kepler's discovery of planetary regularities, the discoveries of these many principles in empirical explorations on intellectual processes in machines should lead to a science, eventually. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       Many problems arise in experiments on machine intelligence because things obvious to any person are not represented in any program. One can pull with a string, but one cannot push with one.... Simple facts like these caused serious problems when Charniak attempted to extend Bobrow's "Student" program to more realistic applications, and they have not been faced up to until now. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 77)
       What do we mean by [a symbolic] "description"? We do not mean to suggest that our descriptions must be made of strings of ordinary language words (although they might be). The simplest kind of description is a structure in which some features of a situation are represented by single ("primitive") symbols, and relations between those features are represented by other symbols-or by other features of the way the description is put together. (Minsky & Papert, 1973, p. 11)
       [AI is] the use of computer programs and programming techniques to cast light on the principles of intelligence in general and human thought in particular. (Boden, 1977, p. 5)
       The word you look for and hardly ever see in the early AI literature is the word knowledge. They didn't believe you have to know anything, you could always rework it all.... In fact 1967 is the turning point in my mind when there was enough feeling that the old ideas of general principles had to go.... I came up with an argument for what I called the primacy of expertise, and at the time I called the other guys the generalists. (Moses, quoted in McCorduck, 1979, pp. 228-229)
       9) Artificial Intelligence Is Psychology in a Particularly Pure and Abstract Form
       The basic idea of cognitive science is that intelligent beings are semantic engines-in other words, automatic formal systems with interpretations under which they consistently make sense. We can now see why this includes psychology and artificial intelligence on a more or less equal footing: people and intelligent computers (if and when there are any) turn out to be merely different manifestations of the same underlying phenomenon. Moreover, with universal hardware, any semantic engine can in principle be formally imitated by a computer if only the right program can be found. And that will guarantee semantic imitation as well, since (given the appropriate formal behavior) the semantics is "taking care of itself" anyway. Thus we also see why, from this perspective, artificial intelligence can be regarded as psychology in a particularly pure and abstract form. The same fundamental structures are under investigation, but in AI, all the relevant parameters are under direct experimental control (in the programming), without any messy physiology or ethics to get in the way. (Haugeland, 1981b, p. 31)
       There are many different kinds of reasoning one might imagine:
        Formal reasoning involves the syntactic manipulation of data structures to deduce new ones following prespecified rules of inference. Mathematical logic is the archetypical formal representation. Procedural reasoning uses simulation to answer questions and solve problems. When we use a program to answer What is the sum of 3 and 4? it uses, or "runs," a procedural model of arithmetic. Reasoning by analogy seems to be a very natural mode of thought for humans but, so far, difficult to accomplish in AI programs. The idea is that when you ask the question Can robins fly? the system might reason that "robins are like sparrows, and I know that sparrows can fly, so robins probably can fly."
        Generalization and abstraction are also natural reasoning process for humans that are difficult to pin down well enough to implement in a program. If one knows that Robins have wings, that Sparrows have wings, and that Blue jays have wings, eventually one will believe that All birds have wings. This capability may be at the core of most human learning, but it has not yet become a useful technique in AI.... Meta- level reasoning is demonstrated by the way one answers the question What is Paul Newman's telephone number? You might reason that "if I knew Paul Newman's number, I would know that I knew it, because it is a notable fact." This involves using "knowledge about what you know," in particular, about the extent of your knowledge and about the importance of certain facts. Recent research in psychology and AI indicates that meta-level reasoning may play a central role in human cognitive processing. (Barr & Feigenbaum, 1981, pp. 146-147)
       Suffice it to say that programs already exist that can do things-or, at the very least, appear to be beginning to do things-which ill-informed critics have asserted a priori to be impossible. Examples include: perceiving in a holistic as opposed to an atomistic way; using language creatively; translating sensibly from one language to another by way of a language-neutral semantic representation; planning acts in a broad and sketchy fashion, the details being decided only in execution; distinguishing between different species of emotional reaction according to the psychological context of the subject. (Boden, 1981, p. 33)
       Can the synthesis of Man and Machine ever be stable, or will the purely organic component become such a hindrance that it has to be discarded? If this eventually happens-and I have... good reasons for thinking that it must-we have nothing to regret and certainly nothing to fear. (Clarke, 1984, p. 243)
       The thesis of GOFAI... is not that the processes underlying intelligence can be described symbolically... but that they are symbolic. (Haugeland, 1985, p. 113)
        14) Artificial Intelligence Provides a Useful Approach to Psychological and Psychiatric Theory Formation
       It is all very well formulating psychological and psychiatric theories verbally but, when using natural language (even technical jargon), it is difficult to recognise when a theory is complete; oversights are all too easily made, gaps too readily left. This is a point which is generally recognised to be true and it is for precisely this reason that the behavioural sciences attempt to follow the natural sciences in using "classical" mathematics as a more rigorous descriptive language. However, it is an unfortunate fact that, with a few notable exceptions, there has been a marked lack of success in this application. It is my belief that a different approach-a different mathematics-is needed, and that AI provides just this approach. (Hand, quoted in Hand, 1985, pp. 6-7)
       We might distinguish among four kinds of AI.
       Research of this kind involves building and programming computers to perform tasks which, to paraphrase Marvin Minsky, would require intelligence if they were done by us. Researchers in nonpsychological AI make no claims whatsoever about the psychological realism of their programs or the devices they build, that is, about whether or not computers perform tasks as humans do.
       Research here is guided by the view that the computer is a useful tool in the study of mind. In particular, we can write computer programs or build devices that simulate alleged psychological processes in humans and then test our predictions about how the alleged processes work. We can weave these programs and devices together with other programs and devices that simulate different alleged mental processes and thereby test the degree to which the AI system as a whole simulates human mentality. According to weak psychological AI, working with computer models is a way of refining and testing hypotheses about processes that are allegedly realized in human minds.
    ... According to this view, our minds are computers and therefore can be duplicated by other computers. Sherry Turkle writes that the "real ambition is of mythic proportions, making a general purpose intelligence, a mind." (Turkle, 1984, p. 240) The authors of a major text announce that "the ultimate goal of AI research is to build a person or, more humbly, an animal." (Charniak & McDermott, 1985, p. 7)
       Research in this field, like strong psychological AI, takes seriously the functionalist view that mentality can be realized in many different types of physical devices. Suprapsychological AI, however, accuses strong psychological AI of being chauvinisticof being only interested in human intelligence! Suprapsychological AI claims to be interested in all the conceivable ways intelligence can be realized. (Flanagan, 1991, pp. 241-242)
        16) Determination of Relevance of Rules in Particular Contexts
       Even if the [rules] were stored in a context-free form the computer still couldn't use them. To do that the computer requires rules enabling it to draw on just those [ rules] which are relevant in each particular context. Determination of relevance will have to be based on further facts and rules, but the question will again arise as to which facts and rules are relevant for making each particular determination. One could always invoke further facts and rules to answer this question, but of course these must be only the relevant ones. And so it goes. It seems that AI workers will never be able to get started here unless they can settle the problem of relevance beforehand by cataloguing types of context and listing just those facts which are relevant in each. (Dreyfus & Dreyfus, 1986, p. 80)
       Perhaps the single most important idea to artificial intelligence is that there is no fundamental difference between form and content, that meaning can be captured in a set of symbols such as a semantic net. (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        18) The Assumption That the Mind Is a Formal System
       Artificial intelligence is based on the assumption that the mind can be described as some kind of formal system manipulating symbols that stand for things in the world. Thus it doesn't matter what the brain is made of, or what it uses for tokens in the great game of thinking. Using an equivalent set of tokens and rules, we can do thinking with a digital computer, just as we can play chess using cups, salt and pepper shakers, knives, forks, and spoons. Using the right software, one system (the mind) can be mapped into the other (the computer). (G. Johnson, 1986, p. 250)
        19) A Statement of the Primary and Secondary Purposes of Artificial Intelligence
       The primary goal of Artificial Intelligence is to make machines smarter.
       The secondary goals of Artificial Intelligence are to understand what intelligence is (the Nobel laureate purpose) and to make machines more useful (the entrepreneurial purpose). (Winston, 1987, p. 1)
       The theoretical ideas of older branches of engineering are captured in the language of mathematics. We contend that mathematical logic provides the basis for theory in AI. Although many computer scientists already count logic as fundamental to computer science in general, we put forward an even stronger form of the logic-is-important argument....
       AI deals mainly with the problem of representing and using declarative (as opposed to procedural) knowledge. Declarative knowledge is the kind that is expressed as sentences, and AI needs a language in which to state these sentences. Because the languages in which this knowledge usually is originally captured (natural languages such as English) are not suitable for computer representations, some other language with the appropriate properties must be used. It turns out, we think, that the appropriate properties include at least those that have been uppermost in the minds of logicians in their development of logical languages such as the predicate calculus. Thus, we think that any language for expressing knowledge in AI systems must be at least as expressive as the first-order predicate calculus. (Genesereth & Nilsson, 1987, p. viii)
        21) Perceptual Structures Can Be Represented as Lists of Elementary Propositions
       In artificial intelligence studies, perceptual structures are represented as assemblages of description lists, the elementary components of which are propositions asserting that certain relations hold among elements. (Chase & Simon, 1988, p. 490)
       Artificial intelligence (AI) is sometimes defined as the study of how to build and/or program computers to enable them to do the sorts of things that minds can do. Some of these things are commonly regarded as requiring intelligence: offering a medical diagnosis and/or prescription, giving legal or scientific advice, proving theorems in logic or mathematics. Others are not, because they can be done by all normal adults irrespective of educational background (and sometimes by non-human animals too), and typically involve no conscious control: seeing things in sunlight and shadows, finding a path through cluttered terrain, fitting pegs into holes, speaking one's own native tongue, and using one's common sense. Because it covers AI research dealing with both these classes of mental capacity, this definition is preferable to one describing AI as making computers do "things that would require intelligence if done by people." However, it presupposes that computers could do what minds can do, that they might really diagnose, advise, infer, and understand. One could avoid this problematic assumption (and also side-step questions about whether computers do things in the same way as we do) by defining AI instead as "the development of computers whose observable performance has features which in humans we would attribute to mental processes." This bland characterization would be acceptable to some AI workers, especially amongst those focusing on the production of technological tools for commercial purposes. But many others would favour a more controversial definition, seeing AI as the science of intelligence in general-or, more accurately, as the intellectual core of cognitive science. As such, its goal is to provide a systematic theory that can explain (and perhaps enable us to replicate) both the general categories of intentionality and the diverse psychological capacities grounded in them. (Boden, 1990b, pp. 1-2)
       Because the ability to store data somewhat corresponds to what we call memory in human beings, and because the ability to follow logical procedures somewhat corresponds to what we call reasoning in human beings, many members of the cult have concluded that what computers do somewhat corresponds to what we call thinking. It is no great difficulty to persuade the general public of that conclusion since computers process data very fast in small spaces well below the level of visibility; they do not look like other machines when they are at work. They seem to be running along as smoothly and silently as the brain does when it remembers and reasons and thinks. On the other hand, those who design and build computers know exactly how the machines are working down in the hidden depths of their semiconductors. Computers can be taken apart, scrutinized, and put back together. Their activities can be tracked, analyzed, measured, and thus clearly understood-which is far from possible with the brain. This gives rise to the tempting assumption on the part of the builders and designers that computers can tell us something about brains, indeed, that the computer can serve as a model of the mind, which then comes to be seen as some manner of information processing machine, and possibly not as good at the job as the machine. (Roszak, 1994, pp. xiv-xv)
       The inner workings of the human mind are far more intricate than the most complicated systems of modern technology. Researchers in the field of artificial intelligence have been attempting to develop programs that will enable computers to display intelligent behavior. Although this field has been an active one for more than thirty-five years and has had many notable successes, AI researchers still do not know how to create a program that matches human intelligence. No existing program can recall facts, solve problems, reason, learn, and process language with human facility. This lack of success has occurred not because computers are inferior to human brains but rather because we do not yet know in sufficient detail how intelligence is organized in the brain. (Anderson, 1995, p. 2)

    Historical dictionary of quotations in cognitive science > Artificial Intelligence

  • 6 manido

    adj.
    1 trite, hackneyed, cliché.
    2 shop-worn, worn.
    3 gamey, gamy.
    4 full, swarming.
    past part.
    past participle of spanish verb: manir.
    * * *
    1 (frase) hackneyed; (tema) stale
    2 (objeto) well-worn
    * * *
    ADJ
    1) (=trillado) [tema] trite, stale; [frase] hackneyed
    2) (=pasado) [carne] high, gamy; [frutos secos] stale
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < frase> hackneyed; < tema> stale
    * * *
    = rank, hackneyed, worn, well-worn, jaded, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.
    Ex. And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.
    Ex. It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex. Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex. To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex. He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex. Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex. User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex. We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex. This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    ----
    * composición musical manida = war horse.
    * manido, lo = worn, the.
    * * *
    - da adjetivo < frase> hackneyed; < tema> stale
    * * *
    = rank, hackneyed, worn, well-worn, jaded, overused [over-used], overworked, stale, timeworn.

    Ex: And what I'm trying to suggest is that there's something shameful about a profession that has allowed this kind of blatant and rank ethnocentrism, racism, chauvinism, the whole schmier, to persist this long.

    Ex: It is the order of words that helps us to distinguish between 'office post' and 'post office' or, to quote the hackneyed example, 'blind Venetian' and 'Venetian blind'.
    Ex: Mearns warns us, 'Recollection is treacherous; it is usually too broad or too narrow for another's use; and what is more serious, it is frequently undependable and worn and feeble'.
    Ex: To use a well-worn example, the string (2) physiotherapy (6) nurses $h for (6) bibliographies obviously represents a different sense from the similar string (2) physiotherapy (6) bibliographies (6) nurses $h for.
    Ex: He is notorious for poking fun at those who advance jaded, esoteric ideas about the importance of studying classical languages.
    Ex: Sustainable agriculture has become a very over-used concept.
    Ex: User-friendliness is a much overworked phrase which has been interpreted in different ways by software houses.
    Ex: We librarians are already infiltrators into the stale round of our readers' domestic daily life.
    Ex: This is in stark contrast to the warped logic and timeworn language to which Lebanon's rulers resorted in the wake of the tragedy.
    * composición musical manida = war horse.
    * manido, lo = worn, the.

    * * *
    manido -da
    ‹frase› hackneyed; ‹tema› stale
    * * *

    manido
    ◊ -da adjetivo ‹ frase› hackneyed;


    ‹ tema› stale
    manido,-a adjetivo well-worn
    ' manido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    gastada
    - gastado
    - manida
    English:
    derivative
    - hackneyed
    * * *
    manido, -a adj
    un tema muy manido a well-worn o much-discussed topic
    * * *
    adj fig
    clichéd, done to death fam
    * * *
    manido, -da adj
    : hackneyed, stale, trite

    Spanish-English dictionary > manido

  • 7 separación

    f.
    1 separation, distance, span, stretch.
    2 separation, division, isolation, divorcement.
    3 separation, dissociation, break-up, breakup.
    4 separation, disunion, estrangement.
    5 partition.
    6 abrus, dissepiment.
    * * *
    1 separation
    2 (espacio) space, gap
    \
    separación matrimonial / separación conyugal legal separation
    * * *
    noun f.
    3) gap
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=división) division
    2) [entre cónyuges, amigos] separation

    separación legal, separación matrimonial — legal separation

    3) (=distancia) gap, space
    4) [de un cargo] removal, dismissal

    tras su separación del cargo — after his removal o dismissal from the post

    separación del servicio — (Mil) discharge

    * * *
    1)
    a) ( división) division

    mamparas de separación — dividing o partition screens

    b) ( espacio) space, gap
    2)
    a) ( ausencia)
    b) ( del matrimonio) separation
    3) (frml) ( de un cargo) dismissal
    * * *
    = departure, displacement, divide, split, disjunction, segregation, separation, shift away from, breakup [break-up], splitting, severance, dismemberment, detachment, balkanization.
    Ex. Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them 'conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum'.
    Ex. It is still the same inexorably literal logic which must ultimately glance into the chaos, and small differences create infinite displacements between records.
    Ex. Nevertheless, this basic divide remains a useful distinction between two major categories of indexing systems.
    Ex. The information note may consist of a brief history of a corporate body, highlighting changes in the body's name, mergers with other bodies, splits within or between bodies, etc.
    Ex. Digital technology has ushered us into a ceaseless spiral of change which represents, not so much an evolution, but a formidable disjunction with the analog world.
    Ex. The argument advanced for this segregation is that it facilitates a search for a title, especially when the author is not known.
    Ex. This wide separation of related subject areas is one of the major criticisms of the Dewey scheme.
    Ex. This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex. This concern will likely increase due to the breakup of the Soviet Union and dispersal of its nuclear arsenal and the growth of global nuclear smuggling rings.
    Ex. The most obvious threat is the splitting of the media sector into separate information and entertainment sectors.
    Ex. Examples can be found where exchange of publications remains as the only form of contact after severance of diplomatic and trade relations.
    Ex. This dismemberment of the whole educational process is akin to isolating the atom; in so doing, the true state of the atom is altered.
    Ex. This is the method used in the detachment of graphic art items form albums.
    Ex. This shifts in emphasis mirror the general balkanization of modern American society.
    ----
    * carácter de separación = delimiter, separating character.
    * con una separación de + Número + palabras = within + Número + words of each other.
    * forzar la separación de = coerce + Nombre + away from.
    * punto de separación = cut-off point, stepping-off point, cut off [cutoff].
    * separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * separación de los continentes = continental breakup.
    * separación de servicios = unbundling.
    * separación legal = separation from bed and board, a mensa et thoro.
    * separación mediante papel = paper splitting.
    * * *
    1)
    a) ( división) division

    mamparas de separación — dividing o partition screens

    b) ( espacio) space, gap
    2)
    a) ( ausencia)
    b) ( del matrimonio) separation
    3) (frml) ( de un cargo) dismissal
    * * *
    = departure, displacement, divide, split, disjunction, segregation, separation, shift away from, breakup [break-up], splitting, severance, dismemberment, detachment, balkanization.

    Ex: Accounting for his departures from Panizzi's rules, Jewett explained that some of them 'conform more to rules advocated by Mr. Panizzi than to those finally sanctioned by the Trustees of the Museum'.

    Ex: It is still the same inexorably literal logic which must ultimately glance into the chaos, and small differences create infinite displacements between records.
    Ex: Nevertheless, this basic divide remains a useful distinction between two major categories of indexing systems.
    Ex: The information note may consist of a brief history of a corporate body, highlighting changes in the body's name, mergers with other bodies, splits within or between bodies, etc.
    Ex: Digital technology has ushered us into a ceaseless spiral of change which represents, not so much an evolution, but a formidable disjunction with the analog world.
    Ex: The argument advanced for this segregation is that it facilitates a search for a title, especially when the author is not known.
    Ex: This wide separation of related subject areas is one of the major criticisms of the Dewey scheme.
    Ex: This article discusses the effects of changes in the economy on the distribution of work in libraries which indicate a shift away from its female origins.
    Ex: This concern will likely increase due to the breakup of the Soviet Union and dispersal of its nuclear arsenal and the growth of global nuclear smuggling rings.
    Ex: The most obvious threat is the splitting of the media sector into separate information and entertainment sectors.
    Ex: Examples can be found where exchange of publications remains as the only form of contact after severance of diplomatic and trade relations.
    Ex: This dismemberment of the whole educational process is akin to isolating the atom; in so doing, the true state of the atom is altered.
    Ex: This is the method used in the detachment of graphic art items form albums.
    Ex: This shifts in emphasis mirror the general balkanization of modern American society.
    * carácter de separación = delimiter, separating character.
    * con una separación de + Número + palabras = within + Número + words of each other.
    * forzar la separación de = coerce + Nombre + away from.
    * punto de separación = cut-off point, stepping-off point, cut off [cutoff].
    * separación cada vez mayor entre... y = widening of the gap beween.... and, widening gap between... and.
    * separación de los continentes = continental breakup.
    * separación de servicios = unbundling.
    * separación legal = separation from bed and board, a mensa et thoro.
    * separación mediante papel = paper splitting.

    * * *
    A
    1 (división) division
    el río sirve de separación entre las dos fincas the river marks the division between the two estates
    mamparas de separación dividing o partition screens
    la separación de palabras por sílabas the division of words into syllables
    la separación de la Iglesia y del Estado the separation of the Church and the State
    2 (distancia, espacio) space, gap
    Compuesto:
    separation of powers
    B
    1
    (ausencia): se reunieron después de dos meses de separación they met up again after not seeing each other o after being apart for two months o after a two-month period of separation
    2 (del matrimonio) separation
    están tramitando la separación (matrimonial) they are negotiating the separation
    Compuestos:
    division o separation of property
    legal separation
    C (de un cargo) dismissal
    la junta directiva decidió su separación del cargo the board of directors decided to dismiss him from the post
    * * *

    separación sustantivo femenino
    1



    2 ( del matrimonio) separation
    separación sustantivo femenino
    1 separation
    2 (distancia, espacio) space
    una separación de dos centímetros, a gap of two centimeters
    ' separación' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    llevar
    - segregación
    - doloroso
    English:
    apart
    - off
    - parting
    - separation
    - sequence
    - break
    - split
    - wrench
    * * *
    1. [de elementos] separation;
    es conveniente la separación entre el poder judicial y el ejecutivo it's best for the judiciary to be independent from the government
    Imprenta separación de colores colour separation;
    separación de poderes separation o division of powers
    2. [en el tiempo] separation;
    se reunieron tras una separación de tres meses they were reunited after a three month separation;
    se le hizo muy difícil la separación de su compañera durante tanto tiempo he found it very hard being apart from his partner for so long
    3. [matrimonial] separation
    Der separación de bienes separate estates [in matrimony];
    4. [distancia] space, distance;
    deja más separación entre los coches leave more space between the cars;
    hay demasiada separación entre las plantas the plants are too far apart
    5. [de cargo] dismissal;
    fue anunciada su separación del cargo de presidente his removal from presidential office was announced
    * * *
    f separation
    * * *
    1) : separation, division
    2) : gap, space
    * * *
    1. (en general) separation
    tras la separación, él se fue a vivir con sus padres after the separation, he went to live with his parents
    2. (espacio) gap

    Spanish-English dictionary > separación

  • 8 λόγος

    λόγος, ὁ, verbal noun of λέγω (B), with senses corresponding to λέγω (B) II and III (on the various senses of the word v. Theo Sm.pp.72,73 H., An.Ox.4.327): common in all periods in Prose and Verse, exc. Epic, in which it is found in signf. derived from λέγω (B) 111, cf.infr. VI. 1 a:
    I computation, reckoning (cf. λέγω (B) II).
    1 account of money handled,

    σανίδες εἰς ἃς τὸν λ. ἀναγράφομεν IG12.374.191

    ; ἐδίδοσαν τὸν λ. ib.232.2;

    λ. δώσεις τῶν μετεχείρισας χρημάτων Hdt.3.142

    , cf. 143;

    οὔτε χρήματα διαχειρίσας τῆς πόλεως δίδωμι λ. αὐτῶν οὔτε ἀρχὴν ἄρξας οὐδεμίαν εὐθύνας ὑπέχω νῦν αὐτῆς Lys.24.26

    ;

    λ. ἀπενεγκεῖν Arist.Ath.54.1

    ;

    ἐν ταῖς εὐθύναις τοῦ τοιούτου λ. ὑπεχέτω Pl.Lg. 774b

    ;

    τὸν τῶν χρημάτων λ. παρὰ τούτων λαμβάνειν D.8.47

    ;

    ἀδικήματα εἰς ἀργυρίου λ. ἀνήκοντα Din.1.60

    ; συνᾶραι λόγον μετά τινος settle accounts with, Ev.Matt.18.23, etc.; δεύτεροι λ. a second audit, Cod.Just.1.4.26.1; ὁ τραπεζιτικὸς λ. banking account, Theo Sm.p.73 H.: metaph.,

    οὐκ ἂν πριαίμην οὐδενὸς λ. βροτόν S.Aj. 477

    .
    b public accounts, i. e. branch of treasury, ἴδιος λ., in Egypt, OGI188.2, 189.3, 669.38; also as title of treasurer, ib.408.4, Str.17.1.12;

    ὁ ἐπὶ τῶν λ. IPE2.29

     A ([place name] Panticapaeum); δημόσιος λ., = Lat. fiscus, OGI669.21 (Egypt, i A.D.), etc. (but later, = aerarium, Cod.Just.1.5.15); also

    Καίσαρος λ. OGI669.30

    ; κυριακὸς λ. ib.18.
    2 generally, account, reckoning, μὴ φῦναι τὸν ἅπαντα νικᾷ λ. excels the whole account, i.e. is best of all, S.OC 1225 (lyr.); δόντας λ. τῶν ἐποίησαν accounting for, i.e. paying the penalty for their doings, Hdt.8.100;

    λ. αἰτεῖν Pl.Plt. 285e

    ;

    λ. δοῦναι καὶ δέξασθαι Id.Prt. 336c

    , al.;

    λαμβάνειν λ. καὶ ἐλέγχειν Id.Men. 75d

    ;

    παρασχεῖν τῶν εἰρημένων λ. Id.R. 344d

    ;

    λ. ἀπαιτεῖν D.30.15

    , cf. Arist. EN 1104a3; λ. ὑπέχειν, δοῦναι, D.19.95;

    λ. ἐγγράψαι Id.24.199

    , al.;

    λ. ἀποφέρειν τῇ πόλει Aeschin.3.22

    , cf. Eu. Luc.16.2, Ep.Hebr.13.17;

    τὸ παράδοξον τῶν συμβεβηκότων ὑπὸ λόγον ἄγειν Plb.15.34.2

    ; λ. ἡ ἐπιστήμη, πολλὰ δὲ ὁ λ. the account is manifold, Plot.6.9.4; ἔχων λόγον τοῦ διὰ τί an account of the cause, Arist.APo. 74b27; ἐς λ. τινός on account of,

    ἐς χρημάτων λ. Th.3.46

    , cf. Plb.5.89.6, LXX 2 Ma1.14, JRS 18.152 ([place name] Jerash); λόγῳ c. gen., by way of, Cod.Just.3.2.5. al.; κατὰ λόγον τοῦ μεγέθους if we take into account his size, Arist.HA 517b27;

    πρὸς ὃν ἡμῖν ὁ λ. Ep.Hebr.4.13

    , cf. D.Chr.31.123.
    3 measure, tale (cf. infr. 11.1),

    θάλασσα.. μετρέεται ἐς τὸν αὐτὸν λ. ὁκοῖος πρόσθεν Heraclit.31

    ;

    ψυχῆς ἐστι λ. ἑαυτὸν αὔξων Id.115

    ; ἐς τούτου (sc. γήραος) λ. οὐ πολλοί τινες ἀπικνέονται to the point of old age, Hdt.3.99, cf.7.9.β; ὁ ξύμπας λ. the full tale, Th.7.56, cf. Ep.Phil.4.15; κοινῷ λ. νομίσαντα common measure, Pl.Lg. 746e; sum, total of expenditure, IG42(1).103.151 (Epid., iv B.C.); ὁ τῆς οὐσίας λ., = Lat. patrimonii modus, Cod.Just.1.5.12.20.
    4 esteem, consideration, value put on a person or thing (cf. infr. VI. 2 d), οὗ πλείων λ. ἢ τῶν ἄλλων who is of more worth than all the rest, Heraclit.39; βροτῶν λ. οὐκ ἔσχεν οὐδέν' A.Pr. 233;

    οὐ σμικροῦ λ. S.OC 1163

    : freq. in Hdt.,

    Μαρδονίου λ. οὐδεὶς γίνεται 8.102

    ;

    τῶν ἦν ἐλάχιστος ἀπολλυμένων λ. 4.135

    , cf. E.Fr.94;

    περὶ ἐμοῦ οὐδεὶς λ. Ar.Ra.87

    ; λόγου οὐδενὸς γίνεσθαι πρός τινος to be of no account, repute with.., Hdt.1.120, cf.4.138; λόγου ποιήσασθαί τινα make one of account, Id.1.33; ἐλαχίστου, πλείστου λ. εἶναι, to be highly, lowly esteemed, Id.1.143, 3.146; but also λόγον τινὸς ποιεῖσθαι, like Lat. rationem habere alicujus, make account of, set a value on, Democr.187, etc.: usu. in neg. statements,

    οὐδένα λ. ποιήσασθαί τινος Hdt.1.4

    , cf. 13, Plb.21.14.9, etc.;

    λ. ἔχειν Hdt.1.62

    , 115;

    λ. ἴσχειν περί τινος Pl.Ti. 87c

    ;

    λ. ἔχειν περὶ τοὺς ποιητάς Lycurg.107

    ;

    λ. ἔχειν τινός D.18.199

    , Arist.EN 1102b32, Plu.Phil.18 (but also, have the reputation of.., v. infr. VI. 2 e);

    ἐν οὐδενὶ λ. ποιήσασθαί τι Hdt.3.50

    ; ἐν οὐδενὶ λ. ἀπώλοντο without regard, Id.9.70;

    ἐν σμικρῷ λ. εἶναι Pl.R. 550a

    ; ὑμεῖς οὔτ' ἐν λ. οὔτ' ἐν ἀριθμῷ Orac. ap. Sch.Theoc.14.48; ἐν ἀνδρῶν λ. [εἶναι] to be reckoned, count as a man, Hdt.3.120; ἐν ἰδιώτεω λόγῳ καὶ ἀτίμου reckoned as.., Eus.Mynd.Fr. 59;

    σεμνὸς εἰς ἀρετῆς λ. καὶ δόξης D.19.142

    .
    II relation, correspondence, proportion,
    1 generally, ὑπερτερίης λ. relation (of gold to lead), Thgn.418 = 1164;

    πρὸς λόγον τοῦ σήματος A.Th. 519

    ; κατὰ λόγον προβαίνοντες τιμῶσι in inverse ratio, Hdt.1.134, cf. 7.36;

    κατὰ λ. τῆς ἀποφορῆς Id.2.109

    ; τἄλλα κατὰ λ. in like fashion, Hp.VM16, Prog.17: c. gen., κατὰ λ. τῶν πρόσθεν ib. 24;

    κατὰ λ. τῶν ἡμερῶν Ar. Nu. 619

    ;

    κατὰ λ. τῆς δυνάμεως X. Cyr.8.6.11

    ;

    ἐλάττω ἢ κατὰ λ. Arist. HA 508a2

    , cf. PA 671a18;

    ἐκ ταύτης ἐγένετο ἐκείνη κατὰ λ. Id.Pol. 1257a31

    ; cf. εὔλογος: sts. with ὁ αὐτός added, κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λ. τῷ τείχεϊ in fashion like to.., Hdt.1.186; περὶ τῶν νόσων ὁ αὐτὸς λ. analogously, Pl.Tht. 158d, cf. Prm. 136b, al.; εἰς τὸν αὐτὸν λ. similarly, Id.R. 353d; κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λ. in the same ratio, IG12.76.8; by parity of reasoning, Pl.Cra. 393c, R. 610a, al.; ἀνὰ λόγον τινός, τινί, Id.Ti. 29c, Alc.2.145d; τοῦτον ἔχει τὸν λ. πρὸς.. ὃν ἡ παιδεία πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν is related to.. as.., Procl.in Euc.p.20 F., al.
    2 Math., ratio, proportion (ὁ κατ' ἀνάλογον λ., λ. τῆς ἀναλογίας, Theo Sm.p.73 H.), Pythag. 2;

    ἰσότης λόγων Arist.EN 113a31

    ;

    λ. ἐστὶ δύο μεγεθῶν ἡ κατὰ πηλικότητα ποιὰ σχέσις Euc.5

     Def.3;

    τῶν ἁρμονιῶν τοὺς λ. Arist.Metaph. 985b32

    , cf. 1092b14; λόγοι ἀριθμῶν numerical ratios, Aristox.Harm.p.32 M.; τοὺς φθόγγους ἀναγκαῖον ἐν ἀριθμοῦ λ. λέγεσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλους to be expressed in numerical ratios, Euc.Sect.Can. Proëm.: in Metre, ratio between arsis and thesis, by which the rhythm is defined, Aristox.Harm.p.34 M.;

    ἐὰν ᾖ ἰσχυροτέρα τοῦ αἰσθητηρίου ἡ κίνησις, λύεται ὁ λ. Arist.de An. 424a31

    ; ἀνὰ λόγον analogically, Archyt.2; ἀνὰ λ. μερισθεῖσα [ἡ ψυχή] proportionally, Pl. Ti. 37a; so

    κατὰ λ. Men.319.6

    ; πρὸς λόγον in proportion, Plb.6.30.3, 9.15.3 (but πρὸς λόγον ἐπὶ στενὸν συνάγεται narrows uniformly, Sor. 1.9, cf. Diocl.Fr.171);

    ἐπὶ λόγον IG5(1).1428

     ([place name] Messene).
    3 Gramm., analogy, rule, τῷ λ. τῶν μετοχικῶν, τῆς συγκοπῆς, by the rule of the participles, of syncope, Choerob. in Theod.1.75 Gaisf., 1.377 H.;

    εἰπέ μοι τὸν λ. τοῦ Αἴας Αἴαντος, τουτέστι τὸν κανόνα An.Ox. 4.328

    .
    1 plea, pretext, ground, ἐκ τίνος λ.; A.Ch. 515;

    ἐξ οὐδενὸς λ. S.Ph. 731

    ;

    ἀπὸ παντὸς λ. Id.OC 762

    ;

    χὠ λ. καλὸς προσῆν Id.Ph. 352

    ;

    σὺν ἀφανεῖ λ. Id.OT 657

     (lyr., v.l. λόγων)

    ; ἐν ἀφανεῖ λ. Antipho 5.59

    ;

    ἐπὶ τοιούτῳ λ. Hdt.6.124

    ; κατὰ τίνα λ.; on what ground? Pl.R. 366b; οὐδὲ πρὸς ἕνα λ. to no purpose, Id.Prt. 343d; ἐπὶ τίνι λ.; for what reason? X.HG2.2.19; τὸν λ. τοῦτον this ground of complaint, Aeschin.3.228; τίνι δικαίῳ λ.; what just cause is there? Pl.Grg. 512c; τίνι λ.; on what account? Act.Ap.10.29; κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἠνεσχόμην ὑμῶν reason would that.., ib.18.14; λ. ἔχειν, with personal subject, εἶχον ἄν τινα λ. I (i.e. my conduct) would have admitted of an explanation, Pl.Ap. 31b; τὸν ὀρθὸν λ. the true explanation, ib. 34b.
    b plea, case, in Law or argument (cf. VIII. I), τὸν ἥττω λ. κρείττω ποιεῖν to make the weaker case prevail, ib. 18b, al., Arist.Rh. 1402a24, cf. Ar.Nu. 1042 (pl.); personified, ib. 886, al.;

    ἀμύνεις τῷ τῆς ἡδονῆς λ. Pl.Phlb. 38a

    ;

    ἀνοίσεις τοὺς λ. αὐτῶν πρὸς τὸν θεόν LXXEx.18.19

    ; ἐχειν λ. πρός τινα to have a case, ground of action against.., Act.Ap.19.38.
    2 statement of a theory, argument, οὐκ ἐμεῦ ἀλλὰ τοῦ λ. ἀκούσαντας prob. in Heraclit.50; λόγον ἠδὲ νόημα ἀμφὶς ἀληθείης discourse and reflection on reality, Parm.8.50; δηλοῖ οὗτος ὁ λ. ὅτι .. Democr.7; οὐκ ἔχει λόγον it is not arguable, i.e. reasonable, S.El. 466, Pl.Phd. 62d, etc.;

    ἔχει λ. D.44.32

    ;

    οὐδεὶς αὐτὰ καταβαλεῖ λ. E.Ba. 202

    ;

    δίκασον.. τὸν λ. ἀκούσας Pl.Lg. 696b

    ; personified, φησὶ οὗτος ὁ λ. ib. 714d, cf. Sph. 238b, Phlb. 50a; ὡς ὁ λ. (sc. λέγει) Arist.EN 1115b12; ὡς ὁ λ. ὁ ὀρθὸς λέγει ib. 1138b20, cf. 29;

    ὁ λ. θέλει προσβιβάζειν Phld.Rh.1.41

    , cf.1.19 S.;

    οὐ γὰρ ἂν ἀκούσειε λόγου ἀποτρέποντος Arist.EN 1179b27

    ;

    λ. καθαίρων Aristo Stoic.1.88

    ; λόγου τυγχάνειν to be explained, Phld.Mus.p.77 K.; ὁ τὸν λ. μου ἀκούων my teaching, Ev.Jo.5.24; ὁ προφητικὸς λ., collect., of VT prophecy, 2 Ep.Pet.1.19: pl.,

    ὁκόσων λόγους ἤκουσα Heraclit.108

    ;

    οὐκ ἐπίθετο τοῖς ἐμοῖς λ. Ar.Nu.73

    ; of arguments leading to a conclusion ([etym.] ὁ λ.), Pl. Cri. 46b;

    τὰ Ἀναξαγόρου βιβλία γέμει τούτων τῶν λ. Id.Ap. 26d

    ; λ. ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχῶν, ἐπὶ τὰς ἀρχάς, Arist.EN 1095a31; συλλογισμός ἐστι λ. ἐν ᾧ τεθέντων τινῶν κτλ. Id.APr. 24b18; λ. ἀντίτυπός τε καὶ ἄπορος, of a self-contradictory theory, Plot.6.8.7.
    b ὁ περὶ θεῶν λ., title of a discourse by Protagoras, D.L.9.54; ὁ Ἀχιλλεὺς λ., name of an argument, ib.23;

    ὁ αὐξόμενος λ. Plu.2.559b

    ; καταβάλλοντες (sc. λόγοι), title of work by Protagoras, S.E.M.7.60;

    λ. σοφιστικοί Arist.SE 165a34

    , al.;

    οἱ μαθηματικοὶ λ. Id.Rh. 1417a19

    , etc.; οἱ ἐξωτερικοὶ λ., current outside the Lyceum, Id.Ph. 217b31, al.; Δισσοὶ λ., title of a philosophical treatise (= Dialex.); Λ. καὶ Λογίνα, name of play of Epicharmus, quibble, argument, personified, Ath.8.338d.
    c in Logic, proposition, whether as premiss or conclusion,

    πρότασίς ἐστι λ. καταφατικὸς ἢ ἀποφατικός τινος κατά τινος Arist.APr. 24a16

    .
    d rule, principle, law, as embodying the result of λογισμός, Pi.O.2.22, P.1.35, N.4.31;

    πείθεσθαι τῷ λ. ὃς ἄν μοι λογιζομένῳ βέλτιστος φαίνηται Pl.Cri. 46b

    , cf. c; ἡδονὰς τοῖς ὀρθοῖς λ. ἑπομένας obeying right principles, Id.Lg. 696c; προαιρέσεως [ἀρχὴ] ὄρεξις καὶ λ. ὁ ἕνεκά τινος principle directed to an end, Arist.EN 1139a32; of the final cause,

    ἀρχὴ ὁ λ. ἔν τε τοῖς κατὰ τέχνην καὶ ἐν τοῖς φύσει συνεστηκόσιν Id.PA 639b15

    ; ἀποδιδόασι τοὺς λ. καὶ τὰς αἰτίας οὗ ποιοῦσι ἑκάστου ib.18; [

    τέχνη] ἕξις μετὰ λ. ἀληθοῦς ποιητική Id.EN 1140a10

    ; ὀρθὸς λ. true principle, right rule, ib. 1144b27, 1147b3, al.; κατὰ λόγον by rule, consistently,

    ὁ κατὰ λ. ζῶν Pl.Lg. 689d

    , cf. Ti. 89d; τὸ κατὰ λ. ζῆν, opp. κατὰ πάθος, Arist.EN 1169a5; κατὰ λ. προχωρεῖν according to plan, Plb.1.20.3.
    3 law, rule of conduct,

    ᾧ μάλιστα διηνεκῶς ὁμιλοῦσι λόγῳ Heraclit.72

    ;

    πολλοὶ λόγον μὴ μαθόντες ζῶσι κατὰ λόγον Democr.53

    ; δεῖ ὑπάρχειν τὸν λ. τὸν καθόλου τοῖς ἄρχουσιν universal principle, Arist.Pol. 1286a17;

    ὁ νόμος.. λ. ὢν ἀπό τινος φρονήσεως καὶ νοῦ Id.EN 1180a21

    ; ὁ νόμος.. ἔμψυχος ὢν ἑαυτῷ λ. conscience, Plu. 2.780c; τὸν λ. πρόχειρον ἔχειν precept, Phld.Piet.30, cf. 102;

    ὁ προστακτικὸς τῶν ποιητέων ἢ μὴ λ. κοινός M.Ant.4.4

    .
    4 thesis, hypothesis, provisional ground, ὡς ἂν εἰ λέγοι λόγον maintain a thesis, Pl. Prt. 344b; ὑποθέμενος ἑκάστοτε λ. provisionally assuming a proposition, Id.Phd. 100a; τὸν τῆς ὁμοιότητος λ. hypothesis of equivalence, Arist.Cael. 296a20.
    5 reason, ground,

    πάντων γινομένων κατὰ τὸν λ. τόνδε Heraclit.1

    ;

    οὕτω βαθὺν λ. ἔχει Id.45

    ; ἐκ λόγου, opp. μάτην, Leucipp. 2;

    μέγιστον σημεῖον οὗτος ὁ λ. Meliss.8

    ; [ἐμπειρία] οὐκ ἔχει λ. οὐδένα ὧν προσφέρει has no grounds for.., Pl.Grg. 465a; μετὰ λόγου

    τε καὶ ἐπιστήμης θείας Id.Sph. 265c

    ; ἡ μετα λόγου ἀληθὴς δόξα ([etym.] ἐπιστήμη) Id.Tht. 201c; λόγον ζητοῦσιν ὧν οὐκ ἔστι λ. proof, Arist. Metaph. 1011a12;

    οἱ ἁπάντων ζητοῦντες λ. ἀναιροῦσι λ. Thphr.Metaph. 26

    .
    6 formula (wider than definition, but freq. equivalent thereto), term expressing reason,

    λ. τῆς πολιτείας Pl.R. 497c

    ; ψυχῆς οὐσία τε καὶ λ. essential definition, Id.Phdr. 245e;

    ὁ τοῦ δικαίου λ. Id.R. 343a

    ; τὸν λ. τῆς οὐσίας ib. 534b, cf. Phd. 78d;

    τὰς πολλὰς ἐπιστήμας ἑνὶ λ. προσειπεῖν Id.Tht. 148d

    ;

    ὁ τῆς οἰκοδομήσεως λ. ἔχει τὸν τῆς οἰκίας Arist. PA 646b3

    ;

    τεθείη ἂν ἴδιον ὄνομα καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν λ. Id.Metaph. 1006b5

    , cf. 1035b4;

    πᾶς ὁρισμὸς λ. τίς ἐστι Id.Top. 102a5

    ; ἐπὶ τῶν σχημάτων λ. κοινός generic definition, Id.de An. 414b23; ἀκριβέστατος λ. specific definition, Id.Pol. 1276b24;

    πηγῆς λ. ἔχον Ph.2.477

    ; τὸ ᾠὸν οὔτε ἀρχῆς ἔχει λ. fulfils the function of.., Plu.2.637d; λ. τῆς μίξεως formula, i. e. ratio (cf. supr. II) of combination, Arist.PA 642a22, cf. Metaph. 993a17.
    7 reason, law exhibited in the world-process, κατὰ λόγον by law,

    κόσμῳ πάντα καὶ κατὰ λ. ἔχοντα Pl.R. 500c

    ; κατ τὸν < αὐτὸν αὖ> λ. by the same law, Epich.170.18;

    ψυχῆς τὸ πᾶν τόδε διοικούσης κατὰ λ. Plot.2.3.13

    ; esp. in Stoic Philos., the divine order,

    τὸν τοῦ παντὸς λ. ὃν ἔνιοι εἱμαρμένην καλοῦσιν Zeno Stoic.1.24

    ; τὸ ποιοῦν τὸν ἐν [τῇ ὕλῃ] λ. τὸν θεόν ibid., cf. 42;

    ὁ τοῦ κόσμου λ. Chrysipp.Stoic.2.264

    ; λόγος, = φύσει νόμος, Stoic.2.169;

    κατὰ τὸν κοινὸν θεοῖς καὶ ἀνθρώποις λ. M.Ant.7.53

    ;

    ὁ ὀρθὸς λ. διὰ πάντων ἐρχόμενος Chrysipp.Stoic.3.4

    : so in Plot.,

    τὴν φύσιν εἶναι λόγον, ὃς ποιεῖ λ. ἄλλον γέννημα αὑτοῦ 3.8.2

    .
    b σπερματικὸς λ. generative principle in organisms,

    ὁ θεὸς σπ. λ. τοῦ κόσμου Zeno Stoic.1.28

    : usu. in pl., Stoic. 2.205,314,al.;

    γίνεται τὰ ἐν τῷ παντὶ οὐ κατὰ σπερματικούς, ἀλλὰ κατὰ λ. περιληπτικούς Plot.3.1.7

    , cf.4.4.39: so without

    σπερματικός, ὥσπερ τινὲς λ. τῶν μερῶν Cleanth.Stoic.1.111

    ;

    οἱ λ. τῶν ὅλων Ph.1.9

    .
    c in Neo-Platonic Philos., of regulative and formative forces, derived from the intelligible and operative in the sensible universe,

    ὄντων μειζόνων λ. καὶ θεωρούντων αὑτοὺς ἐγὼ γεγέννημαι Plot.3.8.4

    ;

    οἱ ἐν σπέρματι λ. πλάττουσι.. τὰ ζῷα οἷον μικρούς τινας κόσμους Id.4.3.10

    , cf.3.2.16,3.5.7; opp. ὅρος, Id.6.7.4;

    ἀφανεῖς λ. τῆς φύσεως Procl.

    in R.1.18 K.; τεχνικοὶ λ. ib.142 K., al.
    IV inward debate of the soul (cf.

    λ. ὃν αὐτὴ πρὸς αὑτὴν ἡ ψυχὴ διεξέρχεται Pl.Tht. 189e

     ( διάλογος in Sph. 263e); ὁ ἐν τῇ ψυχῇ, ὁ ἔσω λ. (opp. ὁ ἔξω λ.), Arist.APo. 76b25, 27; ὁ ἐνδιάθετος, opp. ὁ προφορικὸς λ., Stoic.2.43, Ph.2.154),
    1 thinking, reasoning, τοῦ λ. ἐόντος ξυνοῦ, opp. ἰδία φρόνησις, Heraclit. 2; κρῖναι δὲ λόγῳ.. ἔλεγχον test by reflection, Parm.1.36; reflection, deliberation (cf. VI.3),

    ἐδίδου λόγον ἑωυτῷ περὶ τῆς ὄψιος Hdt.1.209

    , cf. 34, S.OT 583, D.45.7; μὴ εἰδέναι.. μήτε λόγῳ μήτε ἔργῳ neither by reasoning nor by experience, Anaxag.7;

    ἃ δὴ λόγῳ μὲν καὶ διανοίᾳ ληπτά, ὄψει δ' οὔ Pl.R. 529d

    , cf. Prm. 135e;

    ὁ λ. ἢ ἡ αἴσθησις Arist.EN 1149a35

    ,al.; αὐτῷ μόνον τῷ λ. πιστεύειν (opp. αἰσθήσεις), of Parmenides and his school, Aristocl. ap. Eus.PE14.17: hence λόγῳ or τῷ λ. in idea, in thought,

    τῷ λ. τέμνειν Pl.R. 525e

    ; τῷ λ. δύο ἐστίν, ἀχώριστα πεφυκότα two in idea, though indistinguishable in fact, Arist. EN 1102a30, cf. GC 320b14, al.; λόγῳ θεωρητά mentally conceived, opp. sensibly perceived, Placit.1.3.5, cf. Demetr.Lac.Herc.1055.20;

    τοὺς λ. θεωρητοὺς χρόνους Epicur.Ep.1p.19U.

    ; διὰ λόγου θ. χ. ib.p.10 U.;

    λόγῳ καταληπτός Phld.Po.5.20

    , etc.; ὁ λ. οὕτω αἱρέει analogy proves, Hdt.2.33; ὁ λ. or λ. αἱρέει reasoning convinces, Id.3.45,6.124, cf. Pl.Cri. 48c (but, our argument shows, Lg. 663d): also c. acc. pers., χρᾶται ὅ τι μιν λ. αἱρέει as the whim took him, Hdt.1.132; ἢν μὴ ἡμέας λ. αἱρῇ unless we see fit, Id.4.127, cf. Pl.R. 607b; later ὁ αἱρῶν λ. ordaining reason, Zeno Stoic.1.50, M.Ant.2.5, cf. 4.24, Arr.Epict. 2.2.20, etc.: coupled or contrasted with other functions, καθ' ὕπνον ἐπειδὴ λόγου καὶ φρονήσεως οὐ μετεῖχε since reason and understanding are in abeyance, Pl.Ti. 71d; μετὰ λόγου τε καὶ ἐπιστήμης, opp. αἰτία αὐτομάτη, of Nature's processes of production, Id.Sph. 265c; τὸ μὲν δὴ νοήσει μετὰ λόγου περιληπτόν embraced by thought with reflection, opp. μετ' αἰσθήσεως ἀλόγου, Id.Ti. 28a; τὸ μὲν ἀεὶ μετ' ἀληθοῦς λ., opp. τὸ δὲ ἄλογον, ib. 51e, cf. 70d, al.;

    λ. ἔχων ἑπόμενον τῷ νοεῖν Id.Phlb. 62a

    ; ἐπιστήμη ἐνοῦσα καὶ ὀρθὸς λ. scientific knowledge and right process of thought, Id.Phd. 73a;

    πᾶς λ. καὶ πᾶσα ἐπιστήμη τῶν καθόλου Arist.Metaph. 1059b26

    ;

    τὸ λόγον ἔχον Id.EN 1102b15

    , 1138b9, al.: in sg. and pl., contrasted by Pl. and Arist. as theory, abstract reasoning with outward experience, sts. with depreciatory emphasis on the former,

    εἰς τοὺς λ. καταφυγόντα Pl.Phd. 99e

    ; τὸν ἐν λόγοις σκοπούμενον τὰ ὄντα, opp. τὸν ἐν ἔργοις (realities), ib. 100a;

    τῇ αἰσθήσει μᾶλλον τῶν λ. πιστευτέον Arist.GA 760b31

    ; γνωριμώτερα κατὰ τὸν λ., opp. κατὰ τὴν αἴσθησιν, Id.Ph. 189a4; ἐκ τῶν λ. δῆλον, opp. ἐκ τῆς ἐπαγωγῆς, Id.Mete. 378b20; ἡ τῶν λ. πίστις, opp. ἐκ τῶν ἔργων φανερόν, Id.Pol. 1326a29;

    ἡ πίστις οὐ μόνον ἐπὶ τῆς αἰσθήσεως ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ λ. Id.Ph. 262a19

    ;

    μαρτυρεῖ τὰ γιγνόμενα τοῖς λ. Id.Pol. 1334a6

    ; ὁ μὲν λ. τοῦ καθόλου, ἡ δὲ αἴσθησις τοῦ κατὰ μέρος explanation, opp. perception, Id.Ph. 189a7; ἔσονται τοῖς λ. αἱ πράξεις ἀκόλουθοι theory, opp. practice, Epicur.Sent.25; in Logic, of discursive reasoning, opp. intuition, Arist.EN 1142a26, 1143b1; reasoning in general, ib. 1149a26; πᾶς λ. καὶ πᾶσα ἀπόδειξις all reasoning and demonstration, Id.Metaph. 1063b10;

    λ. καὶ φρόνησιν Phld.Mus.p.105

     K.; ὁ λ. ἢ λογισμός ibid.; τὸ ἰδεῖν οὐκέτι λ., ἀλλὰ μεῖζον λόγου καὶ πρὸ λόγου, of mystical vision, opp. reasoning, Plot.6.9.10.—Phrases, κατὰ λ. τὸν εἰκότα by probable reasoning, Pl.Ti. 30b;

    οὔκουν τόν γ' εἰκότα λ. ἂν ἔχοι Id.Lg. 647d

    ; παρὰ λόγον, opp. κατὰ λ., Arist.Rh.Al. 1429a29, cf. EN 1167b19; cf. παράλογος (but παρὰ λ. unexpectedly, E.Ba. 940).
    2 reason as a faculty, ὁ λ. ἀνθρώπους κυβερνᾷ [Epich.] 256; [

    θυμοειδὲς] τοῦ λ. κατήκοον Pl.Ti. 70a

    ; [

    θυμὸς] ὑπὸ τοῦ λ. ἀνακληθείς Id.R. 440d

    ; σύμμαχον τῷ λ. τὸν θυμόν ib. b;

    πειθαρχεῖ τῷ λ. τὸ τοῦ ἐγκρατοῦς Arist. EN 1102b26

    ; ἄλλο τι παρὰ τὸν λ. πεφυκός, ὃ μάχεται τῷ λ. ib.17;

    ἐναντίωσις λόγου πρὸς ἐπιθυμίας Plot.4.7.13(8)

    ;

    οὐ θυμός, οὐκ ἐπιθυμία, οὐδὲ λ. οὐδέ τις νόησις Id.6.9.11

    : freq. in Stoic. Philos. of human Reason, opp. φαντασία, Zeno Stoic.1.39; opp. φύσις, Stoic.2.206; οὐ σοφία οὐδὲ λ. ἐστὶν ἐν [τοῖς ζῴοις] ibid.;

    τοῖς ἀλόγοις ζῴοις ὡς λ. ἔχων λ. μὴ ἔχουσι χρῶ M.Ant.6.23

    ;

    ὁ λ. κοινὸν πρὸς τοὺς θεούς Arr.Epict. 1.3.3

    ;

    οἷον [εἰκὼν] λ. ὁ ἐν προφορᾷ λόγου τοῦ ἐν ψυχῇ, οὕτω καὶ αὐτὴ λ. νοῦ Plot.5.1.3

    ; τὸ τὸν λ. σχεῖν τὴν οἰκείαν ἀρετήν (sc. εὐδαιμονίαν) Procl.in Ti.3.334 D.; also of the reason which pervades the universe, θεῖος λ. [Epich.] 257;

    τὸν θεῖον λ. καθ' Ἡράκλειτον δι' ἀναπνοῆς σπάσαντες νοεροὶ γινόμεθα S.E.M.7.129

     (cf. infr. x).
    b creative reason,

    ἀδύνατον ἦν λόγον μὴ οὐκ ἐπὶ πάντα ἐλθεῖν Plot.3.2.14

    ;

    ἀρχὴ οὖν λ. καὶ πάντα λ. καὶ τὰ γινόμενα κατ' αὐτόν Id.3.2.15

    ;

    οἱ λ. πάντες ψυχαί Id.3.2.18

    .
    V continuous statement, narrative (whether fact or fiction), oration, etc. (cf. λέγω (B) 11.2),
    1 fable, Hdt.1.141;

    Αἰσώπου λόγοι Pl.Phd. 60d

    , cf. Arist.Rh. 1393b8;

    ὁ τοῦ κυνὸς λ. X.Mem. 2.7.13

    .
    2 legend,

    ἱρὸς λ. Hdt.2.62

    , cf. 47, Pi.P.3.80 (pl.);

    συνθέντες λ. E.Ba. 297

    ;

    λ. θεῖος Pl.Phd. 85d

    ; ἱεροὶ λ., of Orphic rhapsodies, Suid. S.V. Ὀρφεύς.
    3 tale, story,

    ἄλλον ἔπειμι λ. Xenoph. 7.1

    , cf. Th.1.97, etc.;

    συνθέτους λ. A.Pr. 686

    ; σπουδὴν λόγου urgent tidings, E.Ba. 663; ἄλλος λ. 'another story', Pl.Ap. 34e; ὁμολογούμενος ὁ λ. ἐστίν the story is consistent, Isoc.3.27: pl., histories,

    ἐν τοῖσι Ἀσσυρίοισι λ. Hdt.1.184

    , cf. 106, 2.99; so in sg., a historical work, Id.2.123, 6.19,7.152: also in sg., one section of such a work (like later βίβλος), Id.2.38,6.39, cf. VI.3d; so in pl.,

    ἐν τοῖσι Λιβυκοῖσι λ. Id.2.161

    , cf. 1.75,5.22,7.93, 213;

    ἐν τῷ πρώτῳ τῶν λ. Id.5.36

    ; ὁ πρῶτος λ., of St. Luke's gospel, Act.Ap.1.1: in Pl., opp. μῦθος, as history to legend, Ti. 26e;

    ποιεῖν μύθους ἀλλ' οὐ λόγους Phd. 61b

    , cf. Grg. 523a (but μῦθον λέγειν, opp. λόγῳ ( argument)

    διεξελθεῖν Prt. 320c

    , cf. 324d);

    περὶ λόγων καὶ μύθων Arist.Pol. 1336a30

    ;

    ὁ λ... μῦθός ἐστι Ael.NA4.34

    .
    4 speech, delivered in court, assembly, etc.,

    χρήσομαι τῇ τοῦ λ. τάξει ταύτῃ Aeschin.3.57

    , cf. Arist.Rh. 1358a38;

    δικανικοὶ λ. Id.EN 1181a4

    ;

    τρία γένη τῶν λ. τῶν ῥητορικῶν, συμβουλευτικόν, δικανικόν, ἐπιδεικτικόν Id.Rh. 1358b7

    ;

    τῷ γράψαντι τὸν λ. Thphr. Char.17.8

    , cf.

    λογογράφος 11

    ; ἐπιτάφιος λ. funeral oration, Pl.Mx. 236b; esp. of the body of a speech, opp. ἐπίλογος, Arist.Rh. 1420b3; opp. προοίμιον, ib. 1415a12; body of a law, opp. proem, Pl.Lg. 723b; spoken, opp. written word,

    τὸν τοῦ εἰδότος λ. ζῶντα καὶ ἔμψυχον οὗ ὁ γεγραμμένος εἴδωλόν τι Id.Phdr. 276a

    ; ὁ ἐκ τοῦ βιβλίου ῥηθεὶς [λ.] speech read from a roll, ib. 243c; published speech, D.C.40.54; rarely of the speeches in Tragedy ([etym.] ῥήσεις), Arist.Po. 1450b6,9.
    VI verbal expression or utterance (cf. λέγω (B) 111), rarely a single word, v. infr. b, never in Gramm. signf. of vocable ([etym.] ἔπος, λέξις, ὄνομα, ῥῆμα), usu. of a phrase, cf. IX. 3 (the only sense found in [dialect] Ep.).
    a pl., without Art., talk,

    τὸν ἔτερπε λόγοις Il.15.393

    ;

    αἱμύλιοι λ. Od.1.56

    , h.Merc. 317, Hes.Th. 890, Op.78, 789, Thgn.704, A.R.3.1141; ψευδεῖς Λ., personified, Hes.Th. 229;

    ἀφροδίσιοι λ. Semon.7.91

    ;

    ἀγανοῖσι λ. Pi.P. 4.101

    ; ὄψον δὲ λ. φθονεροῖσιν tales, Id.N.8.21; σμικροὶ λ. brief words, S.Aj. 1268 (s.v.l.), El. 415; δόκησις ἀγνὼς λόγων bred of talk, Id.OT 681 (lyr.): also in sg., λέγ' εἴ σοι τῷ λ. τις ἡδονή speak if thou delightest in talking, Id.El. 891.
    b sg., expression, phrase,

    πρὶν εἰπεῖν ἐσθλὸν ἢ κακὸν λ. Id.Ant. 1245

    , cf. E.Hipp. 514;

    μυρίας ὡς εἰπεῖν λόγῳ Hdt.2.37

    ; μακρὸς λ. rigmarole, Simon.189, Arist.Metaph. 1091a8; λ. ἠρέμα λεχθεὶς διέθηκε τὸ πόρρω a whispered message, Plot.4.9.3; ἑνὶ λόγῳ to sum up, in brief phrase, Pl.Phdr. 241e, Phd. 65d; concisely, Arist. EN 1103b21 (but also, = ἁπλῶς, περὶ πάντων ἑνὶ λ. Id.GC 325a1): pl., λ. θελκτήριοι magic words, E.Hipp. 478; rarely of single words,

    λ. εὐσύνθετος οἷον τὸ χρονοτριβεῖν Arist.Rh. 1406a36

    ; οὐκ ἀπεκρίθη αὐτῇ λ. answered her not a word, Ev.Matt.15.23.
    c coupled or contrasted with words expressed or understood signifying act, fact, truth, etc., mostly in a depreciatory sense,

    λ. ἔργου σκιή Democr. 145

    ;

    ὥσπερ μικρὸν παῖδα λόγοις μ' ἀπατᾷς Thgn.254

    ; λόγῳ, opp. ἔργῳ, Democr.82, etc.;

    νηπίοισι οὐ λ. ἀλλὰ ξυμφορὴ διδάσκαλος Id.76

    ;

    ἔργῳ κοὐ λόγῳ τεκμαίρομαι A.Pr. 338

    , cf. S.El.59, OC 782;

    λόγῳ μὲν λέγουσι.. ἔργῳ δὲ οὐκ ἀποδεικνῦσι Hdt.4.8

    ;

    οὐ λόγων, φασίν, ἡ ἀγορὴ δεῖται, χαλκῶν δέ Herod.7.49

    ;

    οὔτε λ. οὔτε ἔργῳ Lys.9.14

    ; λόγοις, opp. ψήφῳ, Aeschin.2.33; opp. νόῳ, Hdt.2.100;

    οὐ λόγῳ μαθών E.Heracl.5

    ;

    ἐκ λόγων, κούφου πράγματος Pl.Lg. 935a

    ; λόγοισι εἰς τὸ πιθανὸν περιπεπεμμένα ib. 886e, cf. Luc.Anach.19;

    ἵνα μὴ λ. οἴησθε εἶναι, ἀλλ' εἰδῆτε τὴν ἀλήθειαν Lycurg.23

    , cf. D.30.34; opp. πρᾶγμα, Arist.Top. 146a4; opp. βία, Id.EN 1179b29, cf. 1180a5; opp. ὄντα, Pl.Phd. 100a; opp. γνῶσις, 2 Ep.Cor.11.6; λόγῳ in pretence, Hdt.1.205, Pl.R. 361b, 376d, Ti. 27a, al.; λόγου ἕνεκα merely as a matter of words,

    ἄλλως ἕνεκα λ. ἐλέγετο Id.Cri. 46d

    ; λόγου χάριν, opp. ὡς ἀληθῶς, Arist.Pol. 1280b8; but also, let us say, for instance, Id.EN 1144a33, Plb.10.46.4, Phld. Sign.29, M.Ant.4.32; λόγου ἕνεκα let us suppose, Pl.Tht. 191c; ἕως λόγου, μέχρι λ., = Lat. verbo tenus, Plb.10.24.7, Epict.Ench.16: sts. without depreciatory force, the antithesis or parallelism being verbal (cf. 'word and deed'),

    λόγῳ τε καὶ σθένει S.OC68

    ;

    ἔν τε ἔργῳ καὶ λ. Pl.R. 382e

    , cf. D.S.13.101, Ev.Luc.24.19, Act.Ap.7.22, Paus.2.16.2; ὅσα μὲν λόγῳ εἶπον, opp. τὰ ἔργα τῶν πραχθέντων, Th. 1.22.
    2 common talk, report, tradition,

    ὡς λ. ἐν θνητοῖσιν ἔην Batr. 8

    ;

    λ. ἐκ πατέρων Alc.71

    ;

    οὐκ ἔστ' ἔτυμος λ. οὗτος Stesich.32

    ;

    διξὸς λέγεται λ. Hdt.3.32

    ;

    λ. ὑπ' Αἰγυπτίων λεγόμενος Id.2.47

    ; νέον [λ.] tidings, S.Ant. 1289 (lyr.); τὰ μὲν αὐτοὶ ὡρῶμεν, τὰ δὲ λόγοισι ἐπυνθανόμεθα by hearsay, Hdt.2.148: also in pl., ἐν γράμμασιν λόγοι κείμενοι traditions, Pl.Lg. 886b.
    b rumour,

    ἐπὶ παντὶ λ. ἐπτοῆσθαι Heraclit. 87

    ; αὐδάεις λ. voice of rumour, B.14.44; περὶ θεῶν διῆλθεν ὁ λ. ὅτι .. Th.6.46; λ. παρεῖχεν ὡς .. Plb.3.89.3; ἐξῆλθεν ὁ λ. οὗτος εῖς τινας ὅτι .. Ev.Jo.21.23, cf. Act.Ap.11.22; fiction, Ev.Matt.28.15.
    c mention, notice, description, οὐκ ὕει λόγου ἄξιον οὐδέν worth mentioning, Hdt.4.28, cf. Plb.1.24.8, etc.; ἔργα λόγου μέζω beyond expression, Hdt.2.35; κρεῖσσον λόγου τὸ εἶδος τῆς νόσου beyond description, Th. 2.50;

    μείζω ἔργα ἢ ὡς τῷ λ. τις ἂν εἴποι D.6.11

    .
    d the talk one occasions, repute, mostly in good sense, good report, praise, honour (cf. supr. 1.4),

    πολλὰ φέρειν εἴωθε λ... πταίσματα Thgn.1221

    ;

    λ. ἐσλὸν ἀκοῦσαι Pi.I.5(4).13

    ;

    πλέονα.. λ. Ὀδυσσέος ἢ πάθαν Id.N.7.21

    ;

    ἵνα λ. σε ἔχῃ πρὸς ἀνθρώπων ἀγαθός Hdt.7.5

    , cf. 9.78; Τροίαν.. ἧς ἁπανταχοῦ λ. whose fame, story fills the world, E.IT 517;

    οὐκ ἂν ἦν λ. σέθεν Id.Med. 541

    : less freq. in bad sense, evil report, λ. κακόθρους, κακός, S. Aj. 138 (anap.), E.Heracl. 165: pl., λόγους ψιθύρους πλάσσων slanders, S.Aj. 148 (anap.).
    e λ. ἐστί, ἔχει, κατέχει, the story goes, c. acc. et inf.,

    ἔστ τις λ. τὰν Ἀρετὰν ναίειν Simon.58.1

    , cf. S.El. 417; λ. μὲν ἔστ' ἀρχαῖος ὡς .. Id.Tr.1; λ. alone, E.Heracl.35;

    ὡς λ. A.Supp. 230

    , Pl. Phlb. 65c, etc.;

    λ. ἐστί Hdt.7.129

    ,9.26, al.;

    λ. αἰὲν ἔχει S.OC 1573

     (lyr.); ὅσον ὁ λ. κατέχει tradition prevails, Th.1.10: also with a personal subject in the reverse construction. Κλεισθένης λ. ἔχει τὴν Πυθίην ἀναπεῖσαι has the credit of.., Hdt.5.66, cf. Pl.Epin. 987b, 988b;

    λ. ἔχοντα σοφίας Ep.Col.2.23

    , v.supr.1.4.
    3 discussion, debate, deliberation,

    πολλὸς ἦν ἐν τοῖσι λ. Hdt.8.59

    ;

    συνελέχθησαν οἱ Μῆδοι ἐς τὠυτὸ καὶ ἐδίδοσαν σφίσι λόγον, λέγοντες περὶ τῶν κατηκόντων Id.1.97

    ;

    οἱ Πελασγοὶ ἑωυτοῖσι λόγους ἐδίδοσαν Id.6.138

    ;

    πολέμῳ μᾶλλον ἢ λόγοις τὰ ἐγκλήματα διαλύεσθαι Th.1.140

    ;

    οἱ περὶ τῆς εἰρήνης λ. Aeschin.2.74

    ; τοῖς ἔξωθεν λ. πεπλήρωκε τὸν λ. [Plato] has filled his dialogue with extraneous discussions, Arist.Pol. 1264b39;

    τὸ μῆκος τῶν λ. D.Chr.7.131

    ; μεταβαίνων ὁ λ. εἰς ταὐτὸν ἀφῖκται our debate, Arist.EN 1097a24; ὁ παρὼν λ. ib. 1104a11; θεῶν ὧν νῦν ὁ λ. ἐστί discussion, Pl.Ap. 26b, cf. Tht. 184a, M.Ant.8.32; τῷ λ. διελθεῖν, διϊέναι, Pl.Prt. 329c, Grg. 506a, etc.; τὸν λ. διεξελθεῖν conduct the debate, Id.Lg. 893a; ξυνελθεῖν ἐς λόγον confer, Ar.Eq. 1300: freq. in pl., ἐς λόγους συνελθόντες parley, Hdt. 1.82; ἐς λ. ἐλθεῖν τινι have speech with, ib.86;

    ἐς λ. ἀπικέσθαι τινί Id.2.32

    ;

    διὰ λόγων ἰέναι E.Tr. 916

    ;

    ἐμαυτῇ διὰ λ. ἀφικόμην Id.Med. 872

    ;

    ἐς λ. ἄγειν τινά X.HG4.1.2

    ;

    κοινωνεῖν λόγων καὶ διανοίας Arist.EN 1170b12

    .
    b right of discussion or speech, ἢ 'πὶ τῷ πλήθει λ.; S.OC 66; λ. αἰτήσασθαι ask leave to speak, Th.3.53;

    λ. διδόναι X.HG5.2.20

    ; οὐ προυτέθη σφίσιν λ. κατὰ τὸν νόμον ib.1.7.5;

    λόγου τυχεῖν D.18.13

    , cf. Arist.EN 1095b21, Plb.18.52.1;

    οἱ λόγου τοὺς δούλους ἀποστεροῦντες Arist.Pol. 1260b5

    ;

    δοῦλος πέφυκας, οὐ μέτεστί σοι λόγου Trag.Adesp.304

    ;

    διδόντας λ. καὶ δεχομένους ἐν τῷ μέρει Luc.Pisc.8

    : hence, time allowed for a speech,

    ἐν τῷ ἐμῷ λ. And.1.26

    ,al.;

    ἐν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ λ. Pl.Ap. 34a

    ;

    οὐκ ἐλάττω λ. ἀνήλωκε D.18.9

    .
    c dialogue, as a form of philosophical debate,

    ἵνα μὴ μαχώμεθα ἐν τοῖς λ. ἐγώ τε καὶ σύ Pl. Cra. 430d

    ;

    πρὸς ἀλλήλους τοὺς λ. ποιεῖσθαι Id.Prt. 348a

    : hence, dialogue as a form of literature,

    οἱ Σωκρατικοὶ λ. Arist.Po. 1447b11

    , Rh. 1417a20; cf. διάλογος.
    d section, division of a dialogue or treatise (cf. v. 3),

    ὁ πρῶτος λ. Pl.Prm. 127d

    ; ὁ πρόσθεν, ὁ παρελθὼν λ., Id.Phlb. 18e, 19b;

    ἐν τοῖς πρώτοις λ. Arist.PA 682a3

    ; ἐν τοῖς περὶ κινήσεως λ. in the discussion of motion (i. e. Ph.bk.8), Id.GC 318a4;

    ἐν τῷ περὶ ἐπαίνου λ. Phld.Rh.1.219

    ; branch, department, division of a system of philosophy,

    τὴν φρόνησιν ἐκ τριῶν συνεστηκέναι λ., τῶν φυσικῶν καὶ τῶν ἠθικῶν καὶ τῶν λογικῶν Chrysipp.Stoic.2.258

    .
    e in pl., literature, letters, Pl.Ax. 365b, Epin. 975d, D.H.Comp.1,21 (but, also in pl., treatises, Plu.2.16c);

    οἱ ἐπὶ λόγοις εὐδοκιμώτατοι Hdn.6.1.4

    ; Λόγοι, personified, AP9.171 (Pall.).
    VII a particular utterance, saying:
    1 divine utterance, oracle, Pi.P.4.59;

    λ. μαντικοί Pl. Phdr. 275b

    ;

    οὐ γὰρ ἐμὸν ἐρῶ τὸν λ. Pl.Ap. 20e

    ;

    ὁ λ. τοῦ θεοῦ Apoc.1.2

    ,9.
    2 proverb, maxim, saying, Pi.N.9.6, A.Th. 218; ὧδ' ἔχει λ. ib. 225; τόνδ' ἐκαίνισεν λ. ὡς .. Critias 21, cf. Pl.R. 330a, Ev.Jo.4.37;

    ὁ παλαιὸς λ. Pl.Phdr. 240c

    , cf. Smp. 195b, Grg. 499c, Lg. 757a, 1 Ep.Ti.1.15, Plu.2.1082e, Luc.Alex.9, etc.;

    τὸ τοῦ λόγου δὴ τοῦτο Herod.2.45

    , cf. D.Chr.66.24, Luc.JTr.3, Alciphr.3.56, etc.: pl., Arist.EN 1147a21.
    3 assertion, opp. oath, S.OC 651; ψιλῷ λ. bare word, opp. μαρτυρία, D.27.54.
    4 express resolution, κοινῷ λ. by common consent, Hdt.1.141,al.; ἐπὶ λ. τοιῷδε, ἐπ' ᾧ τε .. on the following terms, Id.7.158, cf. 9.26;

    ἐνδέξασθαι τὸν λ. Id.1.60

    , cf. 9.5; λ. ἔχοντες πλεονέκτην a greedy proposal, Id.7.158: freq. in pl., terms, conditions, Id.9.33, etc.
    5 word of command, behest, A.Pr.17,40 (both pl.), Pers. 363;

    ἀνθρώπους πιθανωτέρους ποιεῖν λόγῳ X.Oec.13.9

    ;

    ἐξέβαλε τὰ πνεύματα λόγῳ Ev.Matt.8.16

    ; οἱ δέκα λ. the ten Commandments, LXX Ex.34.28, Ph.1.496.
    VIII thing spoken of, subject-matter (cf. 111.1 b and 2),

    λ. τοῦτον ἐάσομεν Thgn.1055

    ; προπεπυσμένος πάντα λ. the whole matter, Hdt.1.21, cf. 111; τὸν ἐόντα λ. the truth of the matter, ib.95, 116; μετασχεῖν τοῦ λ. to be in the secret, ib. 127;

    μηδενὶ ἄλλῳ τὸν λ. τοῦτον εῐπῃς Id.8.65

    ; τίς ἦν λ.; S.OT 684 ( = πρᾶγμα, 699); περί τινος λ. διελεγόμεθα subject, question, Pl.Prt. 314c; [τὸ προοίμιον] δεῖγμα τοῦ λ. case, Arist.Rh. 1415a12, cf. 111.1b; τέλος δὲ παντὸς τοῦ λ. ψηφίζονται the end of the matter was that.., Aeschin.3.124;

    οὐκ ἔστεξε τὸν λ. Plb.8.12.5

    ;

    οὐκ ἔστι σοι μερὶς οὐδὲ κλῆρος ἐν τῷ λ. τούτῳ Act.Ap.8.21

    ;

    ἱκανὸς αὐτῷ ὁ λ. Pl.Grg. 512c

    ; οὐχ ὑπολείπει [Γοργίαν] ὁ λ. matter for talk, Arist.Rh. 1418a35;

    μηδένα λ. ὑπολιπεῖν Isoc.4.146

    ; πρὸς λόγον to the point, apposite,

    οὐδὲν πρὸς λ. Pl.Phlb. 42e

    , cf. Prt. 344a;

    ἐὰν πρὸς λ. τι ᾖ Id.Phlb. 33c

    ; also

    πρὸς λόγου Id.Grg. 459c

     (s. v.l.).
    2 plot of a narrative or dramatic poem, = μῦθος, Arist.Po. 1455b17, al.
    b in Art, subject of a painting,

    ζωγραφίας λόγοι Philostr.VA 6.10

    ;

    λ. τῆς γραφῆς Id.Im.1.25

    .
    3 thing talked of, event,

    μετὰ τοὺς λ. τούτους LXX 1 Ma.7.33

    , cf. Act.Ap.15.6.
    IX expression, utterance, speech regarded formally, τὸ ἀπὸ [ψυχῆς] ῥεῦμα διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἰὸν μετὰ φθόγγου λ., opp. διάνοια, Pl.Sph. 263e; intelligent utterance, opp. φωνή, Arist.Pol. 1253a14;

    λ. ἐστὶ φωνὴ σημαντικὴ κατὰ συνθήκην Id.Int. 16b26

    , cf. Diog.Bab.Stoic.3.213; ὅθεν (from the heart)

    ὁ λ. ἀναπέμπεται Stoic.2.228

    , cf. 244; Protagoras was nicknamed λόγος, Hsch. ap. Sch.Pl.R. 600c, Suid.;

    λόγου πειθοῖ Democr.181

    : in pl., eloquence, Isoc.3.3,9.11;

    τὴν ἐν λόγοις εὐρυθμίαν Epicur.Sent.Pal.5p.69

     v. d. M.; λ. ἀκριβής precise language, Ar.Nu. 130 (pl.), cf. Arist.Rh. 1418b1;

    τοῦ μὴ ᾀδομένου λ. Pl.R. 398d

    ; ἡδυσμένος λ., of rhythmical language set to music, Arist.Po. 1449b25; ἐν παντὶ λ. in all manner of utterance, 1 Ep.Cor.1.5; ἐν λόγοις in orations, Arist.Po. 1459a13; λ. γελοῖοι, ἀσχήμονες, ludicrous, improper speech, Id.SE 182b15, Pol. 1336b14.
    2 of various modes of expression, esp. artistic and literary,

    ἔν τε ᾠδαῖς καὶ μύθοις καὶ λόγοις Pl.Lg. 664a

    ;

    ἐν λόγῳ καὶ ἐν ᾠδαῖς X.Cyr.1.4.25

    , cf. Pl.Lg. 835b; prose, opp. ποίησις, Id.R. 390a; opp. ψιλομετρία, Arist.Po. 1448a11; opp. ἔμμετρα, ib. 1450b15 (pl.); τῷ λ. τοῦτο τῶν μέτρων (sc. τὸ ἰαμβεῖον)

    ὁμοιότατον εἶναι Id.Rh. 1404a31

    ; in full, ψιλοὶ λ. prose, ib. b33 (but ψιλοὶ λ., = arguments without diagrams, Pl.Tht. 165a); λ. πεζοί, opp. ποιητική, D.H.Comp.6; opp. ποιήματα, ib.15;

    κοινὰ καὶ ποιημάτων καὶ λόγων Phld.Po.5.7

    ; πεζὸς λ. ib.27, al.
    b of the constituents of lyric or dramatic poetry, words,

    τὸ μέλος ἐκ τριῶν.. λόγου τε καὶ ἁρμονίας καὶ ῥυθμοῦ Pl.R. 398d

    ; opp. πρᾶξις, Arist.Po. 1454a18; dramatic dialogue, opp. τὰ τοῦ χοροῦ, ib. 1449a17.
    3 Gramm., phrase, complex term, opp. ὄνομα, Id.SE 165a13; λ. ὀνοματώδης noun- phrase, Id.APo. 93b30, cf. Rh. 1407b27; expression, D.H.Th.2, Demetr.Eloc.92.
    b sentence, complete statement, "

    ἄνθρωπος μανθάνει λόγον εἶναί φῃς.. ἐλάχιστόν τε καὶ πρῶτον Pl.Sph. 262c

    ;

    λ. αὐτοτελής A.D.Synt.3.6

    , D.T.634.1; ῥηθῆναι λόγῳ to be expressed in a sentence, Pl.Tht. 202b; λ. ἔχειν to be capable of being so expressed, ib. 201e, cf. Arist.Rh. 1404b26.
    c language, τὰ τοῦ λ. μέρη parts of speech, Chrysipp.Stoic.2.31, S.E.M.9.350, etc.;

    τὰ μόρια τοῦ λ. D.H.Comp.6

    ;

    μέρος λ. D.T.633.26

    , A.D.Pron.4.6, al. (but ἓν μέρος <τοῦ cod.> λόγου one word, Id.Synt.340.10, cf. 334.22); περὶ τῶν στοιχείων τοῦ λ., title of work by Chrysippus.
    X the Word or Wisdom of God, personified as his agent in creation and world-government,

    ὁ παντοδύναμός σου λ. LXX Wi.18.15

    ;

    ὁ ἐκ νοὸς φωτεινὸς λ. υἱὸς θεοῦ Corp.Herm.1.6

    , cf. Plu.2.376c; λ. θεοῦ δι' οὗ κατεσκευάσθη [ὁ κόσμος] Ph.1.162; τῆς τοῦ θεοῦ σοφίας· ἡ δέ ἐστιν ὁ θεοῦ λ. ib.56; λ. θεῖος.. εἰκὼν θεοῦ ib. 561, cf. 501; τὸν τομέα τῶν συμπάντων [θεοῦ] λ. ib. 492; τὸν ἄγγελον ὅς ἐστι λ. ib. 122: in NT identified with the person of Christ,

    ἐν ἀρχῇ ἦν ὁ λ. Ev.Jo.1.1

    , cf. 14, 1 Ep.Jo.2.7, Apoc.19.13;

    ὁ λ. τῆς ζωῆς 1 Ep.Jo.1.1

    .

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > λόγος

  • 9 पर _para

    पर a. [पॄ-भावे-अप्, कर्तरि अच्-वा] (Declined optional- ly like a pronoun in nom. voc. pl., and abl. and loc. sing. when it denotes relative position)
    1 Other, differ- ent, another; see पर m also.
    -2 Distant, removed, remote; अपरं भवतो जन्म परं जन्म विवस्वतः Bg.4.4.
    -3 Beyond, further, on the other side of; म्लेच्छदेशस्ततः परः Ms.2.23;7.158.
    -4 Subsequent, following, next to, future, after (usually with abl.); बाल्यात् परामिव दशां मदनो$ध्युवास R.5.63; Ku.1.31.
    -5 Higher, superior; सिकतात्वादपि परां प्रपेदे परमाणुताम् R.15.22; इन्द्रियाणि पराण्याहु- रिन्द्रियेभ्यः परं मनः । मनसस्तु परा बुद्धिर्यो बुद्धेः परतस्तु सः ॥ Bg.3.42.
    -9 Highest, greatest, most distinguished, pre-eminent, chief, best, principal; क्षत्रात् परं नास्ति Bṛi. Up.1.4.11. न त्वया द्रष्टव्यानां परं दृष्टम् Ś.2; Ki.5.18; परतो$पि परः Ku.2.14 'higher than the highest'; 6.19; Ś7.27.
    -7 Having as a following letter or sound, followed by (in comp.).
    -8 Alien, estranged, stranger.
    -9 Hostile, inimical, adverse,
    -1 Exceeding, having a surplus or remainder, left over; as in परं शतम् 'exceeding or more than a hundred.
    -11 Final, last.
    -12 (At the end of comp.) Having anything as the highest ob- ject, absorbed or engrossed in, intent on, solely devoted to, wholly engaged or occupied in; परिचर्यापरः R.1.91; so ध्यानपर, शोकपर, दैवपर, चिन्तापर &c.
    -रः 1 Another person, a stranger, foreigner; oft. in pl. in this sense; यतः परेषां गुणग्रहीतासि Bv.1.9; Śi.2.74; see एक, अन्य also.
    -2 A foe, an enemy, adversary; उत्तिष्ठमानस्तु परो नोपेक्ष्यः पथ्यभिच्छता Śi.2.1; Pt.2.158; R.3.21.
    -3 The Almighty; तावदध्यासते लोकं परस्य परचिन्तकाः Bhāg.3.32.8.
    -रम् 1 The highest point or pitch, culminating point.
    -2 The Supreme Sprit; तेषामादित्यवज्ज्ञानं प्रकाशयति तत् परम् Bg.5.16.
    -3 Final beatitude; असक्तो ह्याचरन् कर्म परमाप्नोति पूरुषः Bg.3.19.
    -4 The secondary meaning of a word.
    -5 (In logic) One of the two kinds of सामान्य or generality of notion; more extensive kind, (comprehending more objects); e. g. पृथ्वी is पर with respect to a घट).
    -6 The other or future world; परासक्ते च वस्तस्मिन् कथमासीन्मनस्तदा Mb.6.14.55. Note-- The acc., instr. and loc. singulars of पर are used adverbi- ally; e. g. (a) परम्
    1 beyond, over, out of (with abl.); वर्त्मनः परम् R.1.17.
    -2 after (with abl.); अस्मात् परम् Ś.6.24; R.1.66;3.39; Me.12; भाग्यायत्त- मतः परम् Ś.4.17; ततः परम् &c.
    -3 thereupon, there- after.
    -4 but, however.
    -5 otherwise.
    -6 in a high degree, excessively, very much, completely, quite; परं दुःखितो$स्मि &c.
    -7 most willingly.
    -8 only.
    -9 at the utmost. (b) परेण
    1 farther, beyond, more than; किं वा मृत्योः परेण विधास्यति Māl.2.2.
    -2 afterwards; मयि तु कृतनिधाने किं विदध्याः परेण Mv.2.49.
    -3 after (with abl.) स्तन्यत्यागात् परेण U.2.7. (c) परे
    1 afterwards, thereupon; अथ तेन दशाहतः परे R.8.73.
    -2 in future.
    -Comp. -अङ्गम् the hinder part of the body.
    -अङ्गदः an epithet of Śiva.
    -अणुः See परमाणु; Bhāg.1.14.11.
    -अदनः a horse found in the country of Persia or Arabia.
    -अधिकारचर्चा officiousness, meddlesomeness.
    -अधीन a. dependent on another, subject, subservient; अन्नमेषां पराधीनं देयं स्याद्भिन्नभाजने Ms.1.54,83; H.1.119.
    -अन्तः final death. (
    -ताः) m. (pl.) N. of a people.
    -अन्तकः an epithet of Śiva.
    -2 a frontier.
    -अन्तकालः the time of death; ते ब्रह्मलोकेषु परान्तकाले परामृताः परिमुच्यन्ति सर्वे Muṇḍ.3.2.6.
    -अन्न a. living or subsisting on another's food. (
    -न्नम्) the food of another; परगृहललिताः परान्नपुष्टाः Mk.4.28. ˚परिपुष्टता being fed with the food of others; Y.3.241. ˚भोजिन् a. subsisting on the food of others; रोगी चिरप्रवासी परान्नभोजी परावसथशायी । यज्जीवति तन्मरणं यन्मरणं सो$स्य विश्रामः ॥ H.1.12.
    1 far and near, remote and proximate.
    -2 prior and posterior.
    -3 before and beyond, earlier and later.
    -4 higher and lower, best and worst. (
    -रः) a Guru of an intermediate class. (
    -रम्) (in logic) a property intermediate between the greatest and smallest numbers, a species (as existing between the genus and individual); e. g. पृथ्वी which is पर with 1respect to a घट is अपर with respect to द्रव्य; द्रव्यत्वादिक- जातिस्तु परापरतयोच्यते Bhāṣā. P.8.
    -अभिध्यानम् self-conceit; high opinion for self or body (देहाभिमान); स्वयं पराभिध्यानेन विभ्रंशितस्मृतिः Bhāg.5.14.1.
    -अमृतम् rain.
    1 attached or devoted to, adhering to.
    -2 depending on, subject to.
    -3 intent on, solely devoted to or absorbed in (at the end of comp.); प्रभुर्धनपरायणः Bh.2.56; so मोह˚; अथ मोहपरायणा सती विवशा कामवधूर्विबोधिता Ku.4.1; अग्निहोत्र˚ &c.
    -4 connected with.
    -5 being a protector (त्राता); अबर्हाश्चरणैर्हीनाः पूर्वेषां वः परायणाः Mb.1.23.4.
    -6 leading or conducive to.
    -(णम्) 1 the principal or highest objest, chief aim, best or last resort; एतत् परायणम् Praśna Up.1.1; तपसश्च परायणम् Rām.1.21.1; Mb.12.179.12.
    -2 essence, sum.
    -3 Ved. going away, departure, exit.
    -4 firm devotion.
    -5 a universal medicine, panacea.
    -6 a religious order.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 having another aim or meaning.
    -2 intended or designed for another, done for another.
    (-र्थः) 1 the highest interest or advan- tage.
    -2 the interest of another (opp. स्वार्थ); स्वार्थो यस्य परार्थ एव स पुमानेकः सतामग्रणीः Subhāṣ.; R.1.29.
    -3 the chief or highest meaning.
    -4 the highest object (i.e. sexual intercourse).
    -5 the supreme good (मोक्ष); ज्ञात्वा प्रजहि कालेन परार्थमनुदृश्य च Mb.12.288.9.
    -6 Something else. Hence परार्थता or परार्थत्व means 'being subsidiary to something else; परार्थता हि गुणभावः ŚB. on MS.4.3.
    -7 an object which is meant for another's use (Sāṅ. Phil.); सङ्घातपरार्थत्वात् त्रिगुणादिविपर्ययादधिष्ठानात् Sāṅ. K.17. ˚वादिन् a. speaking for another; mediator, substitute.
    -अर्थिन् a. striving for the supreme good. (
    -र्थम् -र्थे) ind. for the sake of another.
    -अर्धम् 1 the other part (opp. पूर्वार्ध); the latter half; दिनस्य पूर्वार्धपरार्धभिन्ना छायेव मैत्री खलसज्जनानाम् Bh.2.6.
    -2 a particular high number; i. e. 1,,,,,; एकत्वादिपरार्धपर्यन्ता संख्या T. S.
    -अर्धक a. One half of anything.
    -अर्ध्य a.
    1 being on the farther side or half.
    -2 most distant in number; हेमन्तो वसन्तात् परार्ध्यः Śat. Br.
    -3 most excellent, best, most exalted, highly esteemed, highest, supreme; R.3.27;8.27;1.64;16;39; आबद्धप्रचुरपरार्ध्यकिंकिणीकः Śi.8.45.
    -4 most costly; Śi.4.11; श्रियं परार्ध्यां विदधद् विधातृभिः Bu. Ch.1.1.
    -5 most beautiful or lovely, finest; R.6.4; परस्परस्पर्धिपरार्ध्यरूपाः पौरस्त्रियो यत्र विधाय वेधाः Śi.3.58.
    -6 Divine: असावाटीत् सङ्ख्ये परार्ध्यवत् Bk.9.64.
    (-र्ध्यम्) 1 a maximum.
    -2 an infinite number.
    1 far and near; परावराणां स्रष्टारं पुराणं परमव्ययम् Mb.1.1.23.
    -2 earlier and later.
    -3 prior and posterior or subsequent.
    -4 higher and lower.
    -5 traditional; पुनाति पङ्क्तिं वंश्यांश्च सप्त सप्त परावरान् Ms.1. 15.
    -6 all-including; परावरज्ञो$सि परावरस्त्वम् Mb.3.232. 18. (
    -रा) descendants.
    (-रम्) 1 cause and effect.
    -2 the whole extent of an idea.
    -3 the universe.
    -4 totality. ˚ज्ञ, ˚दृश् a. knowing both the past and the future; परावरज्ञो ब्रह्मर्षिः Mb.1.6.5.
    -अवसथ- शायिन् a. sleeping in another's house; H.1.12.
    -अहः the next day.
    -अह्णः the afternoon, the latter part of the day.
    -आगमः attack of an enemy.
    -आचित a. fostered or brought up by another. (
    -तः) a slave.
    -आत्मन् m. the Supreme Spirit.
    -आयत्त a.
    1 depend- ent on another, subject, subservient; परायत्तः प्रीतेः कथमिव रसं वेत्तु पुरुषः Mu.3.4.
    -2 Wholly subdued or over- whelmed by.
    -आयुस् m. an epithet of Brahman; नाहं परायुर्ऋषयो न मरीचिमुख्या जानन्ति यद्विरचितं खलु सत्त्वसर्गाः Bhāg.8.1.12.
    -आविद्धः 1 an epithet of Kubera.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -आश्रय a. dependent upon another.
    (-यः) 1 dependence upon another.
    -2 the retreat of enemies. (
    -या) a plant growing on another tree.
    -आसङ्गः dependence upon another.
    -आस्कन्दिन् m. a thief, robber.
    1 other than inimical; i. e. friendly, kind.
    -2 one's own; विधाय रक्षान् परितः परेतरान् Ki.1.14.
    -ईशः 1 an epithet of Brahman.
    -2 of Viṣṇu.
    -इष्टिः N. of Brahman.
    -इष्टुका a cow which has often calved.
    -उत्कर्षः another's prosperity.
    -उद्वहः the Indian cuckoo.
    -उपकारः doing good to others, benevolence, beneficence, charity; परोपकारः पुण्याय पापाय परपीडनम्.
    -उपकारिन् a. benevolent, kind to others.
    -उपजापः causing dissension among enemies; परोपजापात् संरक्षेत् प्रधानान् क्षुद्रकान् अपि Kau. A.1.13.
    -उपदेशः advising others; परोपदेशे पाण्डित्यम्.
    -उपरुद्ध a. besieged by an enemy.
    -उपसर्पणम् approaching another; begging.
    -ऊढा another's wife.
    -एधित a. fostered or brought up by another.
    (-तः) 1 a servant.
    -2 the (Indian) cuckoo.
    -कर्मन् n. service for another. ˚निरतः a servant.
    -कलत्रम् another's wife. ˚अभिगमनम् adultery; वरं क्लैब्यं पुसां न च परकलत्राभिगमनम् H.1.116.
    -कायप्रवेशनम् entering another's body (a supernatural art).
    -कारः The deeds of the enemy; राज्ञः समीपे परकारमाह प्रज्ञापनैषा विबि- धोपदिष्टा Kau. A.2.1.
    -कार्यम् another's business or work. ˚निरतः
    1 a benevolent man.
    -2 a slave, servant.
    -काल a. relating to a later time, mentioned later.
    -कृतिः an example or precedent, a passage descriptive of the doings of men; MS.6.7.26.
    -क्रमः doubling the second letter of a conjunction of consonants.
    -क्रान्तिः f. inclination of the ecliptic.
    -क्षेत्रम् 1 another's body.
    -2 another's field; ये$क्षेत्रिणो बीजवन्तः परक्षेत्रप्रवापिणः । ते वै सस्यस्य जातस्य न लभन्ते फलं क्वचित् ॥ Ms.9.49.
    -3 another's wife; तौ तु जातौ परक्षेत्रे Ms.3.175.
    -गामिन् a.
    1 being with another.
    -2 relating to another.
    -3 beneficial to another.
    -गुण a. beneficial to another. (
    -णः) the virtue of another; परगुणपरमाणून् पर्वतीकृत्य नित्यम् Bh.2.78.
    -ग्रन्थिः joint (as of a finger); an articu- lation.
    -ग्लानिः f. subjugation of an enemy; आत्मोदयः परग्लानिर्द्वयं नीतिरितीयती Śi.2.3.
    -चक्रम् 1 the army of an enemy.
    -2 invasion by an enemy, one of the six itis q. v.
    -3 a hostile prince.
    -छन्द a. dependent.
    (-दः) 1 the will of another.
    -2 dependence. ˚अनुवर्तनम् following the will of another.
    -छिद्रम् a weak or vulnerable point of another, a defect in another.
    -ज a.
    1 stranger.
    -2 coming from a foe.
    -3 inferior.
    -जनः a stranger (opp. स्वजन); शक्तः परजने दाता Ms.11.9.
    -जन्मन् n. a future birth.
    -जात a.
    1 born of another.
    -2 dependent on another for livelihood. (
    -तः) a servant.
    -जित a.
    1 conquered by another.
    -2 main- tained by another. (
    -तः) the (Indian) cuckoo.
    -तन्त्र a. dependent on another, dependent, subservient.
    -तन्त्रम् (a common group of) subsidiaries belonging to another; जैमिनेः परतन्त्रापत्तेः स्वतन्त्रप्रतिषेधः स्यात् MS.12.1.8. (see तन्त्रम्).
    -तर्ककः a suppliant, beggar; Dānasāgara, Bib- liotheca Indica, 274, Fascicule 1, p.15; also परतर्कुक.
    -तल्पगामिन् m. One who approaches another man's wife.
    -तार्थिकः The adherent of another sect.
    -दाराः m. (pl.) another's wife; ˚अभिगमनम्, ˚अभिमर्षः Adultery.
    -दारिन् m. an adulterer.
    -दुःखम् the sorrow or grief of another; विरलः परदुःखदुःखितो जनः; महदपि परदुःखं शीतलं सम्यगाहुः V.4.13.
    -देवता the Supreme Being.
    -देशः a hostile or foreign country.
    -देशिन् m. a foreigner.
    -द्रोहिन्, -द्वेषिन् a. hating others, hostile, inimical.
    -धनम् another's property.
    -धर्मः 1 the religion of another; स्वधर्मे निधनं श्रेयः परधर्मो भयावहः Bg.3.35.
    -2 another's duty or business.
    -3 the duties of another caste; परधर्मेण जीवन् हि सद्यः पतति जातितः Ms.1.97.
    -ध्यानम् absolute meditation or contemplation; ध्येये मनो निश्चलतां याति ध्येयं विचिन्तयत् । यत् तद् ध्यानं परं प्रोक्तं मुनिभिर्ध्यानचिन्तकैः ॥ Garuḍa P.
    -निपातः the irregular posteriority of a word in a compound; i. e. भूतपूर्वः where the sense is पूर्वं भूतः; so राजदन्तः, अग्न्याहितः &c.
    -निर्वाणम् the highest निर्वाण; (Buddh.).
    -पक्षः the side or party of an enemy.
    -पदम् 1 the highest position, eminence.
    -2 final beati- tude.
    -परिग्रह a. see पराधीन; स्ववीर्यविजये युक्ता नैते पर- परिग्रहाः Mb.7.144.22.
    -हः another's property (as wife &c); यथा बीजं न वप्तव्यं पुंसा परपरिग्रहे Ms.9.42-3.
    -परिभवः humiliation or injury suffered from others.
    -पाकनिवृत्त a. One who does not depend on others for his sustenance and performs the पञ्चयज्ञs faultlessly and takes food in his own house.
    -पाकरत a. one who depends upon others for his sustenance but performs the usual ceremonies before cooking; पञ्चयज्ञान् स्वयं कृत्वा परान्नमुपजीवति । सततं प्रातरुत्थाय परपाकरतस्तु सः ॥
    -पाकरुचिः having a liking for others' food; परपाकरुचिर्न स्यादनिन्द्या- मन्त्रणादृते Y.1.112.
    -पिण्डः another's food, food given by another. ˚अद् a., ˚भक्षक a. one who eats another's food or one who feeds at the cost of another; यादृशो$हं परपिण्डभक्षको भूतः Mk.8.25/26; (-m.) a servant. ˚रत a. feeding upon another's food; परपिण्डरता मनुष्याः Bh.
    -पुरञ्जयः a conqueror, hero.
    -पुरुषः 1 another man, a stranger.
    -2 the Supreme Spirit, Viṣṇu.
    -3 the hus- band of another woman.
    -पुष्ट a.
    1 fed or nourished by another.
    -2 Stranger. (
    -ष्टः) the (Indian) cuckoo. ˚महोत्सवः the mango tree.
    -पुष्टा 1 the (Indian) cuckoo.
    -2 a parasitical plant.
    -3 a harlot, prostitute.
    -पूर्वा a woman who has or had a former husband; Ms.3.166; पतिं हित्वा$पकृष्टं स्वमुत्कृष्टं या निषेवते । निन्द्यैव सा भवेल्लोके परपूर्वेति चोच्यते Ms.5.163.
    -प्रतिनप्तृ m. son of the great grand son.
    -प्रपौत्रः (see प्रतिनप्तृ).
    -प्रेष्यः a servant, menial, slave.
    -ब्रह्मन् n. the Supreme Spirit; cf. लीने परे ब्रह्मणि Bh. परे ब्रह्मणि को$पि न लग्नः Śaṅkara (चर्पटपञ्जरिका 7).
    -भागः 1 another's share.
    -2 superior merit.
    -3 good fortune, prosperity.
    -4 (a) excellence, superority, supremacy; दुरधिगमः परभागो यावत् पुरुषेण पौरुषं न कृतम् Pt.1.33;5.34. (b) excess, abundance, height; स्थलकमलगञ्जनं मम हृदय- रञ्जनम् जनितरतिरङ्गपरभागम् Gīt.1; आभाति लब्धपरभागतया- धरोष्ठे R.5.7; Ku.7.17; Ki.5.3;8.42; Śi.7.33; 8.51;1.86;12.15.
    -5 the last part, remainder.
    -भाव a. loving another.
    -भावः the being second member in a compound.
    -भाषा a foreign tongue.
    -भुक्त a. enjoyed or used by another; परभुक्तां च कान्तां च यो भुङ्क्ते स नराधमः । स पच्यते कालसूत्रे यावच्चन्द्रदिवाकरौ ॥ Brav. P.
    -भूत a. following, subsequent (as words).
    -भृत् m. a crow (said to nourish the cuckoo).
    -भृत a. nourished by another.
    -भृतः, -ता the (Indian) cuckoo; (so called because she is nouri- shed by another i. e. by a crow); प्रागन्तरिक्षगमनात्- स्वमपत्यजातमन्यैर्द्विजैः परभृताः खलु पोषयन्ति Ś.5.22; Ku.6.2; R.9.43; Ś.4.1.
    -भतम् 1 another's opinion.
    -2 dif- ferent opinion or doctrine; heterodoxy.
    -मर्मज्ञ a. knowing the secrets of another.
    -मृत्युः a crow.
    -रमणः a married woman's gallant or paramour; स्वाधीने पररमणे धन्यास्तारुण्यफलभाजः Pt.1.18.
    -लोकः the next (or fur- ture) world; परलोकनवप्रवासिनः प्रतिपत्स्ये पदवीमहं तव Ku. 4.1. ˚गमः, ˚यानम् death. ˚विधि funeral rites; परलोक- विधौ च माधव स्मरमुद्दिश्य (निबपेः सहकारमञ्जरीः) Ku.4.38.
    -वश, -वश्य a. subject to another, dependent, depen- dent on others; सर्वं परवशं दुःखं सर्वमात्मवशं सुखम्.
    -वाच्यम् a fault or a defect of another; प्रकटान्यपि नैपुणं महत् परवाच्यानि चिराय गोपितुम् Śi.16.3.
    -वाणिः 1 a judge.
    -2 a year.
    -3 N. of the peacock of Kārtikeya.
    -वादः 1 rumour, report.
    -2 Objection, controversy.
    -वादिन् m. a disputant, controversialist.
    -वेश्मन् n. the abode of the Supreme Being.
    -व्रतः an epithet of Dhṛitarāṣṭra.
    -शब्दः a word expressive of something else; परशब्दस्य परत्र वृत्तौ तद्वद् भावो गम्यते ŚB. on MS.7.2.1.
    -श्वस् ind. the day after tomorrow.
    -संगत a.
    1 asso- ciated with another.
    -2 fighting with another.
    -संज्ञकः the soul.
    -सवर्ण a. homogeneous with a following letter (in gram.).
    -सात् ind. into the hands of an- other. ˚कृता a woman given in marriage.
    -सेवा service of another.
    -स्त्री another's wife.
    -स्वम् another's pro- perty; व्यावृता यत् परस्वेभ्यः श्रुतौ तस्करता स्थिता R.1.27; Ms.7.123. ˚हरणम् seizing another's property.
    -हन् a. killing enemies.
    -हित a.
    1 benevolent.
    -2 profitable to another.
    -तम् the welfare of another; सन्तः स्वयं परहिताभिहिताभियोगाः Bh.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > पर _para

  • 10 С-301

    НА СЛОВАХ PrepP Invar
    1. \С-301 рассказать, передать, доложить что и т. п.
    adv
    (to tell, recount, report etc sth.) in spoken form: (recount sth. (relay a message etc)) orally (verbally)
    (give) an oral (a verbal) report (account) (of sth.) (in some contexts the idiom may be omitted in translation).
    Решено было послать донесение в штаб. Для этого избран толковый офицер, Болховитинов, который, кроме письменного донесения, должен был на словах рассказать всё дело (Толстой 7)....It was decided to send a dispatch to the staff. An able officer, Bolkhovitinov, was chosen for the purpose, besides the written report, he was to give a verbal account of the whole affair (7a).
    2. often disapprov ( adv or subj-compl with бытье ( subj: это, всё это)) ( s.o. states, proclaims etc sth.) insincerely, not supporting or intending to support his words by actions (the opposition between what is stated and what exists in reality is either overtly expressed, usu. by a clause beginning with на деле, or implied)
    in words
    (in limited contexts) pay lip service to (as subj-compl only) just talk.
    (Марья Андреевна:) Иван Иваныч, вы меня любите? (Милашин:) Люблю, Марья Андреевна, ей-богу, люблю!.. Я для вас готов жизнью пожертвовать. (Марья Андреевна:) Должно быть, на словах только? Я целый час прошу вас уйти, а вы всё ни с места (Островский 1). (М.А.:) Ivan Ivanych, do you love me? (M.:) I love you, Marya Andrevna, really and truly I love you....I'm ready to sacrifice my life for your sake. (M.A.:) Only in words, no doubt? I've begged you a whole hour to leave, but you haven't moved one inch (1a).
    ...Если нам дана эта жизнь, в ней должен быть смысл, хотя все поколения, с которыми я встретилась в жизни, начисто снимали этот вопрос... Идеалом стала математическая логика, но, к несчастью, только на словах (Мандельштам 2). If this life was given to us, it must have a meaning, although the very idea was dismissed out of hand by everybody, young and old, whom I have ever known in my lifetime....Their ideal was logic of a mathematical kind, though they only paid lip service to it, alas (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-301

  • 11 на словах

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. на словах рассказать, передать, доложить что и т.п. [adv]
    ⇒ (to tell, recount, report etc sth.) in spoken form:
    - (recount sth. <relay a message etc>) orally < verbally>;
    - (give) an oral < a verbal> report < account> (of sth.);
    - [in some contexts the idiom may be omitted in translation].
         ♦ Решено было послать донесение в штаб. Для этого изоран толковый офицер, Болховитинов, который, кроме письменного донесения, должен был на словах рассказать всё дело (Толстой 7)....It was decided to send a dispatch to the staff. An able officer, Bolkhovitinov, was chosen for the purpose; besides the written report, he was to give a verbal account of the whole affair (7a).
    2. often disapprov [adv or subj-compl with быть (subj: это, всё это)]
    ⇒ (s.o. states, proclaims etc sth.) insincerely, not supporting or intending to support his words by actions (the opposition between what is stated and what exists in reality is either overtly expressed, usu. by a clause beginning with на деле, or implied):
    - [in limited contexts] pay lip service to;
    - [as subj-compl only] just talk.
         ♦ [Марья Андреевна:] Иван Иваныч, вы меня любите? [Милашин:] Люблю, Марья Андреевна, ей-богу, люблю!.. Я для вас готов жизнью пожертвовать. [Марья Андреевна:] Должно быть, на словах только? Я целый час прошу вас уйти, а вы всё ни с места (Островский 1). [М. А.:] Ivan Ivanych, do you love me? [М.:] I love you, Marya Andrevna, really and truly I love you....I'm ready to sacrifice my life for your sake. [M.A.:] Only in words, no doubt? I've begged you a whole hour to leave, but you haven't moved one inch (1a).
         ♦...Если нам дана эта жизнь, в ней должен быть смысл, хотя все поколения, с которыми я встретилась в жизни, начисто снимали этот вопрос... Идеалом стала математическая логика, но, к несчастью, только на словах (Мандельштам 2). If this life was given to us, it must have a meaning, although the very idea was dismissed out of hand by everybody, young and old, whom I have ever known in my lifetime....Their ideal was logic of a mathematical kind, though they only paid lip service to it, alas (2a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > на словах

  • 12 unidad

    f.
    1 unity.
    la fundación fracasó por falta de unidad the foundation failed for lack of unity
    necesitamos unidad de acción we need unity of action, we need to act as one
    2 unit (elemento, medida).
    un euro la unidad one euro each
    quiero comprar seis unidades I'd like to buy six
    unidad de medida unit of measurement
    3 unit.
    unidad de cuidados intensivos intensive care (unit)
    unidad de vigilancia intensiva intensive care (unit)
    4 drive, computer drive.
    * * *
    1 unit
    2 (barco) vessel; (avión) aircraft; (de tren) carriage, coach
    3 (cohesión) unity
    \
    unidad de cuidados intensivos intensive care unit
    unidad de vigilancia intensiva intensive care unit
    unidad móvil outside broadcasting unit
    * * *
    noun f.
    1) unit
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=cohesión) unity

    unidad de acción — (Literat) unity of action; [de partido, movimiento] unity

    unidad de lugar — (Literat) unity of place

    unidad de tiempo — (Literat) unity of time

    2) (Com, Mat) unit

    -¿cuánto es? -un euro la unidad — "how much is it?" - "one euro each"

    3) (Med) (=pabellón, sala) unit
    4) (Radio, TV)
    5) (Inform)
    6) (Ferro) (=vagón) coach, wagon, freight car (EEUU)
    7) (Aer) (=avión) aircraft
    8) (Mil) unit
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Com, Mat) unit

    precio por unidad: 20 euros — 20 euros each

    b) ( de ejército) unit; ( de flota) vessel; (Aviac) aircraft; ( de tren) carriage
    c) ( de magnitud) unit
    d) (en libro, texto) unit
    2) (unión, armonía) unity
    * * *
    = unit, unity, item, denomination, pod, stock item.
    Ex. Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.
    Ex. The part chosen should have a unity of its own, a wholeness that offers a complete experience without at the same time giving away everything.
    Ex. Since only twenty or so items can be displayed on the screen at a time, the ↑ (Up), ↓ (Down), Page Up and Page Down keys are used to scroll through the listing.
    Ex. Electric money will come in cent or less denominations to make high-volume, small-value transactions on the Internet practical.
    Ex. There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    Ex. A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    ----
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * coste de la unidad = unit cost.
    * por unidad = per unit.
    * precio por unidad = unit price.
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * unidad asociada = associate unit.
    * unidad bibliográfica = bibliographic unit, bibliographical unit.
    * unidad de análisis = unit of study.
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.
    * unidad de catalogación = cataloguing unit.
    * unidad de cinta = tape deck.
    * unidad de cuidados intensivos = intensive care unit.
    * unidad de datos = unit of data.
    * unidad de disco = disc drive [disk drive], record deck.
    * unidad de estudio = unit of study, study unit.
    * unidad de información = unit of information, information division, information subdivision.
    * unidad de potencia = unit of power.
    * unidad didáctica = teaching unit, unit of study, study unit.
    * unidad documental = document unit, record unit.
    * unidad entera = unit.
    * unidad física = item.
    * unidad monetaria = currency unit.
    * unidad móvil = mobile unit.
    * unidad operativa = operational unit.
    * unidad operativa, unidad de operaciones = operational unit.
    * unidad simple = singleton.
    * * *
    1)
    a) (Com, Mat) unit

    precio por unidad: 20 euros — 20 euros each

    b) ( de ejército) unit; ( de flota) vessel; (Aviac) aircraft; ( de tren) carriage
    c) ( de magnitud) unit
    d) (en libro, texto) unit
    2) (unión, armonía) unity
    * * *
    = unit, unity, item, denomination, pod, stock item.

    Ex: Therefore, during the concluding phase of the revision project, the representatives of ALA units and other organizations will function as a single group.

    Ex: The part chosen should have a unity of its own, a wholeness that offers a complete experience without at the same time giving away everything.
    Ex: Since only twenty or so items can be displayed on the screen at a time, the &\#8593; (Up), &\#8595; (Down), Page Up and Page Down keys are used to scroll through the listing.
    Ex: Electric money will come in cent or less denominations to make high-volume, small-value transactions on the Internet practical.
    Ex: There are 3 ' pods' designed to separate areas from the main library for children's activities, the African and Caribbean literature centres and for meeting rooms.
    Ex: A new building will open in 1990, catering for 5 million stock items and 1,000 readers' seats.
    * como unidad global = as a whole.
    * coste de la unidad = unit cost.
    * por unidad = per unit.
    * precio por unidad = unit price.
    * Sistema Internacional de Unidades, el = International System of Units, the.
    * unidad asociada = associate unit.
    * unidad bibliográfica = bibliographic unit, bibliographical unit.
    * unidad de análisis = unit of study.
    * unidad de archivos de ordenador múltiples = multi-file item.
    * unidad de catalogación = cataloguing unit.
    * unidad de cinta = tape deck.
    * unidad de cuidados intensivos = intensive care unit.
    * unidad de datos = unit of data.
    * unidad de disco = disc drive [disk drive], record deck.
    * unidad de estudio = unit of study, study unit.
    * unidad de información = unit of information, information division, information subdivision.
    * unidad de potencia = unit of power.
    * unidad didáctica = teaching unit, unit of study, study unit.
    * unidad documental = document unit, record unit.
    * unidad entera = unit.
    * unidad física = item.
    * unidad monetaria = currency unit.
    * unidad móvil = mobile unit.
    * unidad operativa = operational unit.
    * unidad operativa, unidad de operaciones = operational unit.
    * unidad simple = singleton.

    * * *
    A
    1 ( Com, Mat) unit
    unidades, decenas y centenas units, tens and hundreds
    precio por unidad: 2 euros two euros each
    2 (de un ejército) unit; (de una flota) ( Náut) vessel; ( Aviac) aircraft; (de un tren) car ( AmE), carriage ( BrE)
    diversas unidades de transporte público fueron destruidas en el incendio a number of buses ( o trains etc) were destroyed in the fire
    [ S ] tomamos su unidad en pago ( RPl); present vehicle taken in part exchange
    el tren estaba compuesto por ocho unidades the train was made up of eight cars ( AmE) o carriages ( BrE) o coaches ( BrE)
    unidad métrica metric unit
    unidad de peso/tiempo unit of weight/time
    4 (en un libro, texto) unit
    Primera Unidad Unit One
    Compuestos:
    central processing unit
    CD-ROM drive
    tape streamer
    combat unit
    intensive care unit
    disk drive
    ( Inf) optical disk drive
    zip drive
    ( Chi) index-linked unit of currency ( used for loans etc)
    (Arg, Méx) intensive care unit
    ( Chi) intensive care unit
    intensive care unit
    monetary unit
    outside broadcasting unit
    (Ur) index-linked unit of currency ( used for loans etc)
    (Arg, Col) sealed unit
    B
    1 (unión, armonía) unity
    su objetivo es preservar la unidad nacional his aim is to preserve national unity
    la unidad de estilo de la plaza the overall style of the square
    2 ( Lit):
    las tres unidades the three unities
    unidad de acción/lugar/tiempo unity of action/place/time
    * * *

     

    unidad sustantivo femenino
    1 (Com, Mat) unit;

    unidad de peso unit of weight;
    unidad de cuidados intensivos or (Esp) de vigilancia or (Arg, Méx) terapia intensiva or (Chi) de tratamiento intensivo intensive care unit
    2 (unión, armonía) unity
    3 (Inf):

    unidad sustantivo femenino
    1 Mat unit
    2 (cohesión, unión) unity
    3 Educ Fís unit
    4 (sección, departamento) unit
    ' unidad' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    kilo
    - legua
    - medida
    - metro
    - micra
    - OUA
    - sección
    - segunda
    - segundo
    - sol
    - sucre
    - UCI
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - UVI
    - cruceiro
    - ecu
    - franco
    - país
    - pieza
    - potenciar
    - punto
    English:
    at
    - average out at
    - B.T.U.
    - CPU
    - European Monetary Unit
    - intensive care (unit)
    - measure
    - monetary
    - peripheral
    - togetherness
    - unit
    - unity
    - VDU
    - credit
    - disk
    - European
    - hundred
    - main
    - stone
    * * *
    unidad nf
    1. [cohesión, acuerdo] unity;
    la fundación fracasó por falta de unidad the foundation failed for lack of unity;
    necesitamos unidad de acción we need unity of action, we need to act as one;
    no había unidad de criterio sobre el tema there was no consensus of opinion on the topic
    2. [elemento] unit;
    25 pesos la unidad 25 pesos each;
    quiero comprar seis unidades I'd like to buy six
    la unidad familiar the family unit
    3. [sección] unit;
    el jefe de la unidad de cirugía the head of the surgery unit
    Informát unidad aritmético-lógica arithmetic logic unit; Informát unidad de CD-ROM CD-ROM drive; Informát unidad central de proceso central processing unit; Informát unidad de coma flotante floating point unit; Informát unidad de control control unit;
    unidad de cuidados intensivos intensive care unit;
    unidad didáctica teaching unit;
    Informát unidad de disco disk drive; Informát unidad de DVD DVD drive; Informát unidad de entrada-salida input/output device;
    unidad móvil mobile unit;
    CSur unidad de tratamiento intensivo intensive care unit;
    unidad de vigilancia intensiva intensive care unit
    4. [medida] unit
    unidad de longitud unit of length;
    unidad de medida measurement unit, unit of measure;
    unidad monetaria monetary unit;
    unidad de tiempo unit of time
    5. [el uno]
    la unidad (the number) one
    6. Mil unit
    unidad de combate combat unit
    7. Am [vehículo] vehicle;
    cinco unidades resultaron dañadas durante los disturbios five vehicles were damaged during the disturbances
    * * *
    f
    1 unit;
    unidad de máxima seguridad en prisión maximum security unit
    2 ( cohesión) unity
    * * *
    unidad nf
    1) : unity
    2) : unit
    * * *
    1. (medida) unit
    2. (unión) unity

    Spanish-English dictionary > unidad

  • 13 सह _saha

    1
    सह a. [सहते सह्-अच्]
    1 Bearing, enduring, suffering.
    -2 Patient.
    -3 Able; see असह; चरतस्तपस्तव वनेषु सहा न वयं निरूपयितुमस्य गतिम् Ki.6.36.
    -4 Overpowering, vanquishing.
    -5 Defying, equal to.
    -6 Exerting.
    -हः 1 The month मार्गशीर्ष.
    -2 N. of Śiva.
    -हः, -हम् Power, strength.
    -हम् A kind of salt; L. D. B.
    2
    सह ind.
    1 With, together with, along with, accom- panied by (with instr.); शशिना सह याति कौमुदी सह मेघेन तडित् प्रलीयते Ku.4.33.
    -2 Together, simultaneously, at the same time; अस्तोदयौ सहैवासौ कुरुते नृपतिर्द्विषाम् Subhāṣ. (The following senses are given of this word:-- साकल्य, सादृश्य, यौगपद्य, विद्यमानत्व, समृद्धि, संबन्ध and सामर्थ्य.)
    -Comp. -अध्ययनम् 1 studying together; U.2.
    -2 fellow- studentship.
    -अध्यायिन् m. a fellow-student.
    -अपवाद a. disagreeing.
    -अर्थ a.
    1 having the same object.
    -2 sy- nonymous. (
    -र्थः) the same or common object.
    -अर्ध a. together with a half.
    -आलापः conversation with.
    -आसनम् sitting on the same seat.
    -आसिका company, sitting together; समुद्रः सहासिकां यां सुमतिः प्रतीच्छति Rām. ch.2.85.
    -उक्तिः f. a figure of speech in Rhetoric; सा सहोक्तिः सहार्थस्य बलादेकं द्विवाचकम् K. P.1; e.g. पपात भूमौ सह सैनिकाश्रुभिः R.3.61.
    -उटजः a hut made of leaves.
    -उत्थायिन् a. rising or conspiring together.
    -उदरः a uterine brother, brother of whole blood; जनन्यां संस्थितायां तु समं सर्वे सहोदराः Ms.9.92; सहोदरा कुङ्कुमकेसराणां भवन्ति नूनं कविताविलासाः Vikr.1.21.
    -उपमा a kind of Upamā.
    -ऊढः, -ऊढजः the son of a woman pregnant at marriage; (one of the 12 kinds of sons recognized in old Hindu law); या गर्भिणी संस्क्रियते ज्ञाताज्ञातापि वा सती । वोढुः स गर्भो भवति सहोढ इति चोच्यते ॥ Ms.9.173.
    -एकासनम् see सहासनम् Y.2.284.
    -कर्तृ m. a co-worker, assistant; तस्य कर्मानुरूपेण देर्यो$शः सहकर्तृभिः Ms.8.26.
    -कारः 1 co-operation.
    -2 a mango tree; क इदानीं सहकारमन्तरेण पल्लवितामतिमुक्तलतां सहेत Ś.3. ˚भञ्जिका a kind of game.
    - कारिन्, -कृत्, -कृत्वन् a. co-operating. (-m.) a co- adjutor, associate, colleague.
    -कृत a. co-operated with, assisted or aided by.
    -क्रिया simultaneous performance; स हि न्यायः संभूयकारिणां सहक्रियेति सर्वत्रैव ŚB. on MS.11.1. 57.
    -खट्वासनम् sitting together on a bed; Ms.8.357; see सहैकासनम्.
    -गमनम् 1 accompanying.
    -2 a woman's burning herself with her deceased husband's body, self-immolation of a widow.
    -चर a. accompanying, going or living with; यानि प्रियासहचरश्चिरमध्यवात्सम् U.3.8.
    (-रः) 1 a companion, friend, associate; श्मशानेष्वाक्रीडा स्मरहर पिशाचाः सहचराः Śiva-mahimna 24.
    -2 a follower, ser- vant.
    -3 a husband.
    -4 a surety. (
    -री f.)
    1 a famale companion.
    -2 a wife, mate; प्रेक्ष्य स्थितां सहचरीं व्यवधाय देहम् R.9.57.
    -चरित a.
    1 accompanying, attending, associating with.
    -2 Congruent, homogeneous,
    -चारः 1 accompaniment.
    -2 agreement, harmony.
    -3 (in logic) the invariable accompaniment of the hetu (middle term) by the sādhya (major term).
    -4 right course (opp. व्यभिचार).
    -चारिन् see सहचर.
    -ज a.
    1 inborn, natural, innate; सहजं कर्म कौन्तेय सदोषमपि न त्यजेत् Bg.18. 48; सहजामप्यपहाय धीरताम् R.8.43.
    -2 hereditary; सहजं किल यद्विनिन्दितं न खलु तत्कर्म विवर्जनीयम् Ś.6.1.
    (-जः) 1 a brother of whole blood; तृतीयो मे नप्ता रजनिचरनाथस्य सहजः Mv.4.7.
    -2 the natural state or disposition. ˚अरिः a natural enemy. ˚उदासीनः a born neutral. ˚मित्रम् a natural friend.
    -जात a.
    1 natural; see सहज.
    -2 born together, twin-born.
    -जित् a. victorious at once; स्वर्णेता सहजिद् बभ्रुरिति राजाभिधीयते Mb.3.185.28.
    -दार a.
    1 with a wife.
    -2 married.
    -देवः N. of the youngest of the five Pāṇḍavas; the twin brother of Nakula, born of Mādrī by the gods Aśvins. He is regarded as the type of manly beauty.
    -धर्मः same duties. ˚चारिन् m. a husband. ˚चारिणी
    1 a lawful wife, one legally married (also सहधर्मिणी in this sense).
    -2 a fellow-worker.
    -पथिन् m.,
    -पन्थाः m., f. a fellow-traveller.
    -पांशुक्रीडिन, पांशुकिल m a friend from the earliest childhood.
    -भावः 1 companionship.
    -2 concomitance.
    -भाविन् m. a friend, partisan, follower.
    -भू a. natural, innate; औत्सुक्येन कृतत्वरा सहभुवा व्यावर्तमाना ह्रिया Ratn.1.2.
    -भोजनम् eating in company with friends.
    -मनस् a. with intelligence.
    -मरणम् see सह- गमन.
    -मृता a woman who has burnt herself with her husband.
    -युध्वन् m. a brother in arms.
    -रक्षस् m. one of the three kinds of sacrificial fires.
    -वसतिः, -वासः dwelling together; सहवसतिमुपेत्य यैः प्रियायाः कृत इव मुग्धविलोकितोपदेशः Ś.2.3.
    -वासिन् m. a fellow-lodger.
    -वीर्यम् fresh butter.
    -संसर्गः carnal contact.
    -सेविन् a. having intercource with.
    -स्थः a companion.

    Sanskrit-English dictionary > सह _saha

  • 14 καθόλου

    A on the whole, in general, = καθ' ὅλου (as it shd. perh. be written), Epist.Philipp. ap. D.18.77; κ. γράφειν, opp. κατὰ μέρος, Plb.3.32.8;

    κ. εἰπεῖν Arist.Top. 156a13

    , Plu.2.397c, etc.; οἱ κ. λόγοι general statements, opp. οἱ ἐπὶ μέρους, Arist.EN 1107a30 (but in Roman times, accounts kept by the central government, = Lat. summae rationes, OGI715.3 ([place name] Alexandria), D.C.79.21, etc.); τοῦτο γάρ ἐστι κ. μᾶλλον too general, Arist.Pol. 1265a31, cf. GA 748a8; ἡ τῶν κ. πραγμάτων σύνταξις general history, Plb.1.4.2; τὸ κ. D.S.1.77, Plu. 2.569f; τὸ κ. τῆς μοχθηρίας, opp. τὸ πρὸς ἡμᾶς, ib.468e; οὐδ' οὗτος ἀποφαίνει κ. τὸ καταλειφθέν the whole amount left, D.27.43; ἐν τῷ κ. in general, speaking generally, Ath.1.30e, Arr.Epict.1.8.8, al.
    2 in the Logic of Arist., of terms, τὸ κ. general, opp. τὸ καθ' ἕκαστον (singular),

    λέγω δὲ κ. μὲν ὃ ἐπὶ πλειόνων πέφυκε κατηγορεῖσθαι, καθ' ἕκαστον δὲ ὃ μή Int. 17a39

    , cf. Metaph. 1023b29; opp. τὸ κατὰ μέρος, Rh. 1357b1, al.; hence, τὰ κ. universal truths,

    ἡ ποίησις μᾶλλον τὰ κ., ἡ δ' ἱστορία τὰ καθ' ἕ. λέγει Po. 1451b7

    ; = γνῶμαι, ib. 1450b12; esp. commensurate predicate,

    ὃ ἂν κατὰ παντός τε ὑπάρχῃ καὶ καθ' αὑτὸ καὶ ᾗ αὐτό APo. 73b26

    ; as Adj., of propositions, λόγος κ. a universal statement, opp. ἐν μέρει, κατὰ μέρος (particular), ἀδιόριστος (infinite), APr. 24a17 sq.; of inference, ἡ κ. ἀπόδειξις universal proof, opp. κατὰ μέρος, APo. 85a13; hence, as predicate, κ. εἰσὶν [ αἱ ἀρχαί] Metaph. 1003a7; as Adv., κ. ἀποφαίνεσθαι ἐπὶ τοῦ κ. Int. 17b5, al.
    3 completely, entirely, Plb.1.20.2; οὐδὲ κ. μακρὸν πλοῖον no warships at all, ib.13, cf. LXXDa.3.50, al.;

    μηδὲ τέχνην εἶναι τὸ κ. τοῦ πείθειν Phld.Rh.1.327S.

     (Written

    κατὰ ὅλου Pl.Men. 77a

    .)

    Greek-English dictionary (Αγγλικά Ελληνικά-λεξικό) > καθόλου

  • 15 С-618

    CO СТОРОНЫ PrepP Invar
    1. \С-618 кого-чего Prep the resulting PrepP is adv
    moving, coming, or issuing from some person, place, location etc
    from the direction of.
    Ему в голову не могло прийти, что у них гости и что ржание коня доносится со стороны микулицынского крыльца, из сада (Пастернак 1). It never occurred to him that they had guests or that the neighing came from the direction of Mikulitsyn's house (1a).
    2. \С-618 смотреть, наблюдать, видно и т. п.
    adv
    (to look at s.o. or sth., be visible etc) from some distance away
    from a distance.
    На солнечном пригреве, на камне, ниже садовой скамейки, сидел Костоглотов... И даже не видно было со стороны, чтобы плечи его поднимались и опускались от дыхания (Солженицын 10). Kostoglotov was sitting in a sunny spot on a stone below a garden bench....From a distance one could not even see his shoulders rising and falling as he breathed... (10a).
    3. — смотреть (на кого-что), судить, казаться и т. п.
    adv
    (to look at, judge etc s.o. or sth.) from the point of view of one who is not directly involved in the matter at hand, (to appear a certain way) to s.o. who is not directly involved in the matter at hand: (look at s.o. sth.) from the outside
    from an outsider' perspective (point of view) from an outside viewpoint (as) seen from the outside (in limited contexts) as an outsider to an outsider (a bystander) ( sth. might look (seem etc)) (view sth.) with (great) detachment (take) a detached view.
    Конечно, обидно: маловато успел. Со стороны может показаться, что вовсе не так. Я и то, и это, пятое, десятое. Но уж я-то знаю, что чепуха (Трифонов 5). It was humiliating, of course. I had accomplished very little. From an outsider's point of view it might not appear that way. I've done this, that, and a number of things. But I myself know how little it has all amounted to (5a).
    В том-то и дело, что если рассказать с некоторой правдивостью любую жизнь со стороны и хотя бы отчасти изнутри, то картинка наша будет такова, что этот человек дальше жить не имеет ни малейшей возможности (Битов 2). That's just the point, that if we tell the story of any life with a degree of truthfulness, from an outside viewpoint and at least partially from within, then the picture will be such that the man hasn't the slightest chance of living on (2a).
    ...Она (жена Огарёва) сама сказала мне впоследствии, что сцена эта показалась ей натянутой, детской. Оно, пожалуй, и могло так показаться со стороны но зачем же она смотрела со стороны?.. (Герцен 2)....She (Ogaryov's wife) told me herself afterwards that this scene had struck her as affected and childish. Of course it might strike one so looking on at it as an outsider, but why was she looking on at it as an outsider? (2a).
    Шли они (Костенко и Росляков) не быстро и не медленно, весело о чём-то разговаривали, заигрывали с девушками... Со стороны могло показаться, что два бездельника просто-напросто убивают время (Семёнов 1). They (Kostyenko and Roslyakov) walked neither quickly nor slowly, talking gaily about something, flirting with the girls....To a bystander they might have looked like a couple of idlers simply killing time (1a).
    Он (Эренбург) на всё смотрел как бы со стороны - что ему оставалось делать после «Молитвы о России»? - и прятался в ироническое всепонимание (Мандельштам 2). Не (Ehrenburg) seemed to view everything with great detachment-what else could he do after his Prayer for Russia?—and took refuge in a kind of ironical knowingness (2a).
    4. человек, люди и т. п. - (nonagreeing postmodif) a person (or people) not belonging to the group, organization etc in question
    from (on) the outside
    outsider(s).
    «Какая баба!.. Ей бы и быть председателем. И на хрена нам кого-то со стороны искать» (Абрамов 1). "What a woman!... If only she could be Chairwoman, and the hell with searching for one on the outside" (1a).
    В деревне не хватало мужчин, и председателю пришлось нанять рабочих со стороны. There weren't enough men in the village, so the chairman had to hire outsiders.
    5. \С-618\С-618 кого, чьей Prep the resulting PrepP is adv
    used to denote a person or group of people with whom an action or statement originates
    for (on) s.o.'s part
    on the part of (in limited contexts) of s.o.
    by s.o. (Бутон:) Так что вы говорите, милостивый государь? Что наш король есть самый лучший, самый блестящий король во всём мире? С моей стороны возражений нет (Булгаков 8). (В.:) So what are you saying, dear sir? That our king is the very best, the most brilliant king in the whole world? For my part I have no objections (8a).
    ...Тут было много и простодушия со стороны Мити, ибо при всех пороках своих это был очень простодушный человек (Достоевский 1)....There was much simple-heartedness on Mitya's part, for with all his vices this was a very simple-hearted man (1a).
    Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?» (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
    «...Примите в соображение, что ошибка возможна ведь только со стороны первого разряда, то есть „обыкновенных" людей...» (Достоевский 3). "...You must take into consideration the fact that a mistake can be made only by a member of the first class, that is, by the 'ordinary' people..." (3a).
    6. \С-618 кого, чьей Prep the resulting PrepP is adv
    used to denote a person or group of people whose action, behavior, statement etc is characterized or evaluated: (how generous (itis not nice, that's not fair etc)) of s.o. (to do sth.).
    Это очень плохо с его стороны - оставить нас наедине. Никогда не ожидал я от него такого предательства! (Казаков 2). That's not nice of him—to leave us alone. I never expected such treachery from him (2a).
    «Ну вот видишь, вот уж и нечестно с твоей стороны: слово дал, да и на попятный двор» (Гоголь 3). "There, you see, that's not fair of you: you have given me your word of honor, and now you are going back on it" (3c).
    7. \С-618 чего, какой Prep the resulting PrepP is adv
    in a certain respect (as specified by the context)
    from the standpoint (the vantage point) of
    from the point of view of from a AdjP standpoint (point of view).
    «Стригуны» молчали они понимали, что слова Собачкина очень последовательны и что со стороны логики под них нельзя иголки подточить (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). The "colts" were silent, for they realized that Sobachkin's words were very logical and that, from the point of view of pure logic, they were absolutely unassailable (2a).
    8. \С-618 кого, чьей, какой Prep the resulting PrepP is adv
    used to indicate a line of familial descent
    on (one's (the) father' (mother', husbamtfs, wife's etc)) side.
    Юный негодяй был влюблён в княгиню и тоже торчал у неё день и ночь, кажется, на правах соседа или дальнего родственника со стороны мужа (Искандер 3). The young reprobate was in love with the princess and had also been hanging around her day and night, exercising his rights as a neighbor, I believe, or a distant relative on the husband's side (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > С-618

  • 16 Т-142

    СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll VP subj: human or abstr
    1. (more often pfv) to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly
    X сбил Y-a с толку = X confused (nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed) Y
    X got Y confused (flustered) X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc) X knocked Y off track (course) X rattled Y thing X threw Y off.
    Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
    (Говорящий - мул) Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). (The speaker is а mule) Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
    Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
    «Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку...» (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
    «Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать», - тоном педагога сказал Радов. «Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться». Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
    Вы - не Достоевский», - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. «Ну, почём знать, почём знать», - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong
    X сбивает Y-a с толку - X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
    Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Т-142

  • 17 Х-56

    ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ХОД что VP subj: human usu. this WO
    1. ( usu. pfv) to set sth.
    usu. a factory, plant etc) operating
    X пустил Y в ход = X got (set) Y going (running).
    «Он временно принял директорство над филиалом. На весь наладочный период. Пустит машину в ход, подготовит директора из местных и только тогда вернётся» (Залыгин 1). "He's taken on temporary directorship of the branch till it gets started properly. He'll set things running, train a local man as director, and won't come back till he's done it" (1a).
    2. Also: ПУСКАТЬ/ПУСТИТЬ В ДЕЛО ( var. with дело is used in refer, to a tool, weapon etc) to employ or start to employ (some means, device, instrument etc) in order to achieve one's goal
    X пустил в ход Y = X put Y to use
    X used (utilized) Y X made use of Y X brought Y into play (into service, into action) (in limited contexts) X set Y in motion X resorted to Y
    X пустил в ход своё обаяние (все свои чары и т. п.) - X turned on the (all his) charm
    X пустил в ход всё (все средства) - X used all possible (available) means
    X did everything in his power.
    У них есть оружие. Они пустят его в ход (Аксёнов 6). They have weapons. They are going to put them to use (6a).
    «Эндурцы испокон веков ядами промышляют. Они с такой хитростью яды пускают в ход - ни один прокурор не подкопается» (Искандер 5). "The Endurskies have dealt in poisons since time immemorial. They're so sly about using poisons that no prosecutor has ever trapped them" (5a)
    Я... пустил в ход величайшее и незыблемое средство к покорению женского сердца, средство, которое никогда и никого не обманет и которое действует решительно на всех до единой, без всякого исключения. Это средство известное - лесть» (Достоевский 3). "I...brought into play the greatest and most reliable of all instruments for the subjugation of the female heart, the instrument that never fails, that works on absolutely every single woman without exception. This instrument is well-known: flattery" (3a).
    Испуганные буржуа травили революцию, как дикого зверя все было пушено в ход: клевета и слезоточивые газы, демагогия и тюрьмы (Эренбург 4). The terrified bourgeois hunted down the revolution like a wild animal. Every weapon was brought into service: slander and tear-gas, demagogy and imprisonment (4a).
    Пуская в ход весь аппарат своей поржавел ой, скрипучей, но всё такой же извилистой логики, (Чернышевский) сначала мотивировал свою досаду тем, что его считают вором, желавшим наживать капитал, а затем объяснял, что гнев его был, собственно, напоказ, ради Ольги Сократовны... (Набоков 1)....Setting in motion the whole apparatus of his logic - rusty, creaky but still as wriggly as ever, he (Chernyshevski) at first justified his ire by the fact that he was being taken for a thief who wished to acquire capital, and then explained that his anger was actually only a sham for Olga Sokratovna's sake., (1a).
    (Юлия:) Сейчас сюда приедет министр финансов, и я пущу в ход все свои чары и узнаю, что они затевают (Шварц 3). (J.:) The Minister of Finance will be here any minute, and I'll turn on all my charm and find out what they're cooking up (3a).
    3. to introduce sth. into general, common usage, promote the dissemination of sth.: X пустил в ход Y = X put Y in(to) circulation
    X brought Y into widespread use X started Y.
    «Ты представляешь, какие откроются перспективы, если пустить твоё открытие в ход!» (Аксёнов 6). "Just imagine what prospects could open up if your discovery were to be put into circulation!" (6a).
    Кто пустил его (Самиздат) в ход, неизвестно, как он работает, понять нельзя... (Мандельштам 2). Who started it (samizdat), nobody knows, and the way it works is beyond our comprehension... (2a)

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Х-56

  • 18 со стороны

    [PrepP; Invar]
    =====
    1. со стороны кого-чего [Prep; the resulting PrepP is adv]
    ⇒ moving, coming, or issuing from some person, place, location etc:
    - from the direction of.
         ♦ Ему в голову не могло прийти, что у них гости и что ржание коня доносится со стороны микулицынского крыльца, из сада (Пастернак 1). It never occurred to him that they had guests or that the neighing came from the direction of Mikulitsyn's house (1a).
    2. со стороны смотреть, наблюдать, видно и т.п. [adv]
    ⇒ (to look at s.o. or sth., be visible etc) from some distance away:
    - from a distance.
         ♦ На солнечном пригреве, на камне, ниже садовой скамейки, сидел Костоглотов... И даже не видно было со стороны, чтобы плечи его поднимались и опускались от дыхания (Солженицын 10). Kostoglotov was sitting in a sunny spot on a stone below a garden bench....From a distance one could not even see his shoulders rising and falling as he breathed... (10a).
    3. со стороны смотреть (на кого-что), судить, казаться и т.п. [adv]
    ⇒ (to look at, judge etc s.o. or sth.) from the point of view of one who is not directly involved in the matter at hand, (to appear a certain way) to s.o. who is not directly involved in the matter at hand:
    - (look at s.o. < sth.>) from the outside;
    - [in limited contexts] as an outsider;
    - to an outsider < a bystander> (sth. might look <seem etc>);
    - (view sth.) with (great) detachment;
    - (take) a detached view.
         ♦ Конечно, обидно: маловато успел. Со стороны может показаться, что вовсе не так. Я и то, и это, пятое, десятое. Но уж я-то знаю, что чепуха (Трифонов 5). It was humiliating, of course. I had accomplished very little. From an outsider's point of view it might not appear that way. I've done this, that, and a number of things. But I myself know how little it has all amounted to (5a).
         ♦ В том-то и дело, что если рассказать с некоторой правдивостью любую жизнь со стороны и хотя бы отчасти изнутри, то картинка наша будет такова, что этот человек дальше жить не имеет ни малейшей возможности (Битов 2). That's just the point, that if we tell the story of any life with a degree of truthfulness, from an outside viewpoint and at least partially from within, then the picture will be such that the man hasn't the slightest chance of living on (2a).
         ♦...Она [жена Огарёва] сама сказала мне впоследствии, что сцена эта показалась ей натянутой, детской. Оно, пожалуй, и могло так показаться со стороны; но зачем же она смотрела со стороны?.. (Герцен 2)....She [Ogaryov's wife] told me herself afterwards that this scene had struck her as affected and childish. Of course it might strike one so looking on at it as an outsider, but why was she looking on at it as an outsider? (2a).
         ♦ Шли они [Костенко и Росляков] не быстро и не медленно, весело о чём-то разговаривали, заигрывали с девушками... Со стороны могло показаться, что два бездельника просто-напросто убивают время (Семёнов 1). They [Kostyenko and Roslyakov] walked neither quickly nor slowly, talking gaily about something, flirting with the girls....To a bystander they might have looked like a couple of idlers simply killing time (1a).
         ♦ Он [Эренбург] на всё смотрел как бы со стороны - что ему оставалось делать после "Молитвы о России"? - и прятался в ироническое всепонимание (Мандельштам 2). Не [Ehrenburg] seemed to view everything with great detachment-what else could he do after his Prayer for Russia? - and took refuge in a kind of ironical knowingness (2a).
    4. человек, люди и т.п. - [nonagreeing postmodif]
    ⇒ a person (or people) not belonging to the group, organization etc in question:
    - from <on> the outside;
    - outsider(s).
         ♦ "Какая баба!.. Ей бы и быть председателем. И на хрена нам кого-то со стороны искать" (Абрамов 1). "What a woman!... If only she could be Chairwoman, and the hell with searching for one on the outside" (1a).
         ♦ В деревне не хватало мужчин, и председателю пришлось нанять рабочих со стороны. There weren't enough men in the village, so the chairman had to hire outsiders.
    5. со стороны кого, чьей [Prep; the resulting PrepP is adv]
    ⇒ used to denote a person or group of people with whom an action or statement originates:
    - for <on> s.o.'s part;
    - [in limited contexts] of s.o.;
    - by s.o.
         ♦ [Бутон:] Так что вы говорите, милостивый государь? Что наш король есть самый лучший, самый блестящий король во всём мире? С моей стороны возражений нет (Булгаков 8). [В.:] So what are you saying, dear sir? That our king is the very best, the most brilliant king in the whole world? For my part I have no objections (8a).
         ♦...Тут было много и простодушия со стороны Мити, ибо при всех пороках своих это был очень простодушный человек (Достоевский 1)....There was much simple-heartedness on Mitya's part, for with all his vices this was a very simple-hearted man (1a).
         ♦ "Да где ж это видано, чтобы народ сам по себе собирался без всякого контроля со стороны руководства?" (Войнович 2). "Who ever heard of people assembling all by themselves, without any control on the part of the leadership?" (2a).
         ♦ "...Примите в соображение, что ошибка возможна ведь только со стороны первого разряда, то есть "обыкновенных" людей..." (Достоевский 3). "...You must take into consideration the fact that a mistake can be made only by a member of the first class, that is, by the 'ordinary' people..." (3a).
    6. со стороны кого, чьей [Prep; the resulting PrepP is adv]
    ⇒ used to denote a person or group of people whose action, behavior, statement etc is characterized or evaluated:
    - (how generous <it's not nice, that's not fair etc>) of s.o. (to do sth.).
         ♦ Это очень плохо с его стороны - оставить нас наедине. Никогда не ожидал я от него такого предательства! (Казаков 2). That's not nice of him - to leave us alone. I never expected such treachery from him (2a).
         ♦ "Ну вот видишь, вот уж и нечестно с твоей стороны: слово дал, да и на попятный двор" (Гоголь 3). "There, you see, that's not fair of you: you have given me your word of honor, and now you are going back on it" (3c).
    7. со стороны чего, какой [Prep; the resulting PrepP is adv]
    ⇒ in a certain respect (as specified by the context):
    - from a [AdjP] standpoint (point of view).
         ♦ "Стригуны" молчали; они понимали, что слова Собачкина очень последовательны и что со стороны логики под них нельзя иголки подточить (Салтыков-Щедрин 2). The "colts" were silent; for they realized that Sobachkin's words were very logical and that, from the point of view of pure logic, they were absolutely unassailable (2a).
    8. со стороны кого, чьей, какой [Prep; the resulting PrepP is adv]
    ⇒ used to indicate a line of familial descent:
    - on (one's (the) father's (mother's, husband's, wife's etc)) side.
         ♦ Юный негодяй был влюблён в княгиню и тоже торчал у неё день и ночь, кажется, на правах соседа или дальнего родственника со стороны мужа (Искандер 3). The young reprobate was in love with the princess and had also been hanging around her day and night, exercising his rights as a neighbor, I believe, or a distant relative on the husband's side (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > со стороны

  • 19 сбивать с толку

    • СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll
    [VP; subj: human or abstr]
    =====
    1. [more often pfv]
    ⇒ to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly:
    - X сбил Y-а с толку≈ X confused <nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed> Y;
    - X got Y confused < flustered>;
    - X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc);
    - thing X threw Y off.
         ♦ Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
         ♦ [Говорящий - мул] Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). [The speaker is a mule] Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
         ♦ Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
         ♦ "Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку..." (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
         ♦ "Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать", - тоном педагога сказал Радов. "Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться". Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
         ♦ "Вы - не Достоевский", - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. "Ну, почём знать, почём знать", - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong:
    - X сбивает Y-а с толку≈ X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
         ♦ Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сбивать с толку

  • 20 сбить с толку

    • СБИВАТЬ/СБИТЬ С ТОЛКУ кого coll
    [VP; subj: human or abstr]
    =====
    1. [more often pfv]
    ⇒ to perplex s.o., throw s.o. into a state of (uneasy) confusion, make s.o. unable to see the situation clearly:
    - X сбил Y-а с толку≈ X confused <nonplussed, bewildered, muddled, disconcerted, derailed> Y;
    - X got Y confused < flustered>;
    - X got Y all mixed up (screwed up, shook up etc);
    - thing X threw Y off.
         ♦ Его рассуждения опять сбили Надю с толку (Дудинцев 1). His reasoning had again confused Nadia (1a).
         ♦ [Говорящий - мул] Молодец мой старик. Что мне в нём нравится, так это то, что никто его не может сбить с толку. Если уж он что-то сам решил, так пусть хоть всем селом навалятся на него, он всё равно будет делать по-своему (Искандер 3). [The speaker is a mule] Good for my old man. What I like is that no one can muddle him. Once he's made up his mind to something, even if the whole village puts pressure on him, he'll still do it his own way (3a).
         ♦ Гусев мне надоел, и я нарочно болтал разную ерунду, чтобы сбить его с толку (Войнович 5). I was fed up with Gusev and I was purposely babbling all sorts of nonsense to derail him (5a).
         ♦ "Да у тебя белая горячка, что ль! - заревел взбесившийся наконец Разумихин. - Чего ты комедии-то разыгрываешь! Даже меня сбил с толку..." (Достоевский 3). "Have you got brain fever or what?" Razumikhin bellowed, finally enraged. "What is this farce you're playing? You've even got me all screwed up..." (3c).
         ♦ "Когда вас спрашивают, вы должны отвечать", - тоном педагога сказал Радов. "Я вам вообще ничего не должен, - сказал я. - Если бы я пришёл вступать в Союз писателей, тогда был бы должен. А я пришёл с вами прощаться". Это их как-то сбило с толку... (Войнович 1). "When you're asked a question, you should answer it," said Radov in a teacherly tone of voice. "I don't have to do anything of the sort," I said. "I would if I were here trying to join the Writers' Union, but I'm here to say good-bye." Somehow that knocked them off course... (1a).
         ♦ "Вы - не Достоевский", - сказала гражданка, сбиваемая с толку Коровьевым. "Ну, почём знать, почём знать", - ответил тот (Булгаков 9). "You are not Dostoevsky," said the woman, somewhat rattled by Koroviev's logic. "You never can tell, you never can tell," he answered (9a).
    2. by serving as a bad example or exerting some influence on s.o., to induce s.o. to change his behavior for the worse, drive s.o. to do sth. wrong:
    - X сбивает Y-а с толку≈ X is leading Y astray (into temptation, down the wrong path).
         ♦ Чёрт сбил с толку обоих чиновников: чиновники, говоря попросту, перебесились и перессорились ни за что (Гоголь 3). The Devil led the two officials astray: the officials, to put it plainly, went crazy and fell out with each other for no reason whatsoever (3c).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > сбить с толку

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